{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:32:54Z","timestamp":1792521174072,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian","award":["2022JJ12SN045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ12SN045"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian","award":["2022-MS-322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-322"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian","award":["DMU-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMU-1"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Dalian","award":["DICP UN202311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DICP UN202311"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2022JJ12SN045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ12SN045"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2022-MS-322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-322"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["DMU-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMU-1"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["DICP UN202311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DICP UN202311"]}]},{"name":"Joint Medical-Industrial Innovation Fund of the First Hospital of Dalian Medical University\u2013Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022JJ12SN045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ12SN045"]}]},{"name":"Joint Medical-Industrial Innovation Fund of the First Hospital of Dalian Medical University\u2013Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2022-MS-322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MS-322"]}]},{"name":"Joint Medical-Industrial Innovation Fund of the First Hospital of Dalian Medical University\u2013Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["DMU-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMU-1"]}]},{"name":"Joint Medical-Industrial Innovation Fund of the First Hospital of Dalian Medical University\u2013Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["DICP UN202311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DICP UN202311"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface electromyography (sEMG) has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing muscle activity in various clinical and research settings. This review focuses on the application of sEMG specifically in the context of paraspinal muscles. The paraspinal muscles play a critical role in providing stability and facilitating movement of the spine. Dysfunctions or alterations in paraspinal muscle activity can lead to various musculoskeletal disorders and spinal pathologies. Therefore, understanding and quantifying paraspinal muscle activity is crucial for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring therapeutic interventions. This review discusses the clinical applications of sEMG in paraspinal muscles, including the assessment of low back pain, spinal disorders, and rehabilitation interventions. It explores how sEMG can aid in diagnosing the potential causes of low back pain and monitoring the effectiveness of physical therapy, spinal manipulative therapy, and exercise protocols. It also discusses emerging technologies and advancements in sEMG techniques that aim to enhance the accuracy and reliability of paraspinal muscle assessment. In summary, the application of sEMG in paraspinal muscles provides valuable insights into muscle function, dysfunction, and therapeutic interventions. By examining the literature on sEMG in paraspinal muscles, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research, identifies knowledge gaps, and suggests future directions for optimizing the use of sEMG in assessing paraspinal muscle activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14111086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T03:46:56Z","timestamp":1716522416000},"page":"1086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Application of Surface Electromyography Technology in Evaluating Paraspinal Muscle Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1514-0327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moran","family":"Suo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinzuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huagui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6646-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianze","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3561-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonghai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopedic Diseases, Dalian 116000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41571","article-title":"Prevalence, Deaths, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Musculoskeletal Disorders for 195 Countries and Territories 1990\u20132017","volume":"73","author":"Safiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30488-4","article-title":"Low back pain: A call for action","volume":"391","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.05.002","article-title":"Directional preference of activation of abdominal and paraspinal muscles during position-control tasks in sitting","volume":"35","author":"Tucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00998853","article-title":"EMG scanning in the diagnosis of chronic pain","volume":"8","author":"Cram","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self-Regul."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16904","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016904","article-title":"A study on the paraspinal muscle surface electromyography in acute nonspecific lower back pain","volume":"98","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-191549","article-title":"Immediate changes in trunk muscle activation patterns during a lifting task following an abdominal drawing-in exercise in subjects with recurrent low back pain","volume":"34","author":"Suehiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudreault, N., Arsenault, A.B., Larivi\u00e8re, C., DeSerres, S.J., and Rivard, C.H. (2005). Assessment of the paraspinal muscles of subjects presenting an idiopathic scoliosis: An EMG pilot study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-14"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2403050820","article-title":"Fat content of lumbar paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and in asymptomatic volunteers: Quantification with MR spectroscopy","volume":"240","author":"Mengiardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160753","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160753","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of multifidus muscles lipid content and association with spinopelvic malalignment in chronic low back pain","volume":"90","author":"Ogon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2009.08.005","article-title":"Trunk muscle activation during sub-maximal extension efforts","volume":"15","author":"Olson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90173-3","article-title":"Age, sex, and body mass index as determinants of back and hip extensor fatigue in the isometric S\u00f8rensen back endurance test","volume":"79","author":"Laaksonen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.10.004","article-title":"Difference in selective muscle activity of thoracic erector spinae during prone trunk extension exercise in subjects with slouched thoracic posture","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"PMR J. Inj. Funct. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.02.004","article-title":"The relationship between flexibility and EMG activity pattern of the erector spinae muscles during trunk flexion-extension","volume":"19","author":"Hashemirad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"441","article-title":"Muscular response to physiologic tensile stretch of the caprine c5\/6 facet joint capsule: Dynamic recruitment thresholds and latencies","volume":"55","author":"Azar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4249","article-title":"The effect of lift teams on kinematics and muscle activity of the upper extremity and trunk in bricklayers","volume":"43","author":"Anton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1539\/sangyoeisei.B14016","article-title":"The effect of different working postures while felling a tree with a chain-saw on trunk muscles\u2019 activity","volume":"57","author":"Kawahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2014.38.4.514","article-title":"Facilitating effects of fast and slope walking on paraspinal muscles","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"du Rose, A., and Breen, A. (2016). Relationships between Paraspinal Muscle Activity and Lumbar Inter-Vertebral Range of Motion. Healthcare, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare4010004"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.08.042","article-title":"The relationship between functionality and erector spinae activity in patients with specific low back pain during dynamic and static movements","volume":"66","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000051911.45505.D3","article-title":"Awareness affects the response of human subjects exposed to a single whiplash-like perturbation","volume":"28","author":"Siegmund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26357","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026357","article-title":"The effects of core stability training in nurses with nonspecific low back pain","volume":"100","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-210211","article-title":"Effect of direct vibration on the activity of deep trunk muscles of patients with non-specific chronic low back pain","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"449","article-title":"A comparative study on the surface electromyography of lumbosacral multifidus muscle in patients with lumbar disc herniation","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Gu Shang China J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016058","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab6d88","article-title":"Identification of the best strategy to command variable stiffness using electromyographic signals","volume":"17","author":"Borzelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"933","article-title":"Trends and challenges in EMG based control scheme of exoskeleton robots\u2014A review","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22138","article-title":"Risk of hematoma following needle electromyography of the paraspinal muscles","volume":"44","author":"Gertken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23288","article-title":"The risk of hematoma following extensive electromyography of the lumbar paraspinal muscles","volume":"46","author":"London","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90237-X","article-title":"Back and hip extensor muscle function during therapeutic exercises","volume":"80","author":"Arokoski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.09.002","article-title":"Patterns of trunk muscle activation during walking and pole walking using statistical non-parametric mapping","volume":"37","author":"Zoffoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102739","article-title":"Motor variability during a repetitive lifting task is impaired by wearing a passive back-support exoskeleton","volume":"68","author":"Rimmele","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"798","article-title":"The Efficacy of \u201cAnatomical Posture Control Orthosis\u201d on the Activity of Erector spinae Muscle, Risk of Falling, Balance Confidence, and Walking Speed in Osteoporotic Hyperkyphotic Subjects","volume":"10","author":"Veiskarami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003465","article-title":"Core Muscle Activation in Three Lower Extremity Exercises with Different Stability Requirements","volume":"36","author":"Saeterbakken","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-022-00279-z","article-title":"Effects of arm and leg positions on lumbar multifidus muscle activity while on hands and knees or while standing","volume":"41","author":"Mitani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, J.M., Udermann, B.E., and Verna, J.L. (2022). Electromyographic Analysis of the Lumbar Extensor Muscles during Dynamic Exercise on a Home Exercise Device. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk7010026"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creze, M., Soubeyrand, M., and Gagey, O. (2019). The paraspinal muscle-tendon system: Its paradoxical anatomy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214812"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E86","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000153700.97830.02","article-title":"Morphology, architecture, and biomechanics of human cervical multifidus","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01511.x","article-title":"The thoracolumbar fascia: Anatomy, function and clinical considerations","volume":"221","author":"Willard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(86)90146-4","article-title":"The morphology of the human lumbar multifidus","volume":"1","author":"Macintosh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199107000-00017","article-title":"The attachments of the lumbar erector spinae","volume":"16","author":"Macintosh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011010-00002","article-title":"The visible human anatomy of the lumbar erector spinae","volume":"25","author":"Daggfeldt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004763","article-title":"The relation between integrated action potentials in a human muscle and its isometric tension","volume":"117","author":"Lippold","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1956.sp005558","article-title":"The relation between force and integrated electrical activity in fatigued muscle","volume":"132","author":"Edwards","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(99)00020-6","article-title":"Relationship between EMG signals and force in human vastus lateralis muscle using multiple bipolar wire electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Onishi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"287","article-title":"Linear and non-linear surface EMG\/force relationships in human muscles. An anatomical\/functional argument for the existence of both","volume":"62","author":"Woods","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00626281","article-title":"Electro and acoustic myography for noninvasive assessment of lumbar paraspinal muscle function","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90108-2","article-title":"Reliability of electromyographic power spectral analysis of back muscle endurance in healthy subjects","volume":"77","author":"Ng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199905010-00009","article-title":"Factors in the reproducibility of electromyographic power spectrum analysis of lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue","volume":"24","author":"Nargol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.3.1177","article-title":"Electromyogram power spectra frequencies associated with motor unit recruitment strategies","volume":"68","author":"Solomonow","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150614","article-title":"Fibre type characteristics of the lumbar paraspinal muscles in normal healthy subjects and in patients with low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Mannion","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405310-00006","article-title":"Electromyographic median frequency changes during isometric contraction of the back extensors to fatigue","volume":"19","author":"Mannion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050242","article-title":"Lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigability in repetitive isoinertial loading: EMG spectral indices, Borg scale and endurance time","volume":"76","author":"Taimela","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00134-7","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific effects in paravertebral surface electromyographic back extensor muscle fatigue in chronic low back pain","volume":"42","author":"Ebenbichler","year":"2020","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001771","article-title":"Electromyographical Comparison of Muscle Activation Patterns Across Three Commonly Performed Kettlebell Exercises","volume":"31","author":"Lyons","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.02.019","article-title":"Estimation of physical workload of the low-back based on exposure variation analysis during a full working day among male blue-collar workers. Cross-sectional workplace study","volume":"70","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001938","article-title":"Heel-Raised Foot Posture Does Not Affect Trunk and Lower Extremity Biomechanics During a Barbell Back Squat in Recreational Weight lifters","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1135985","article-title":"Lumbopelvic muscle activation patterns in adolescent fast bowlers","volume":"16","author":"Forrest","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152157","article-title":"Effects of different lifting and lowering heights on upper arm, shoulder and back muscle activity during a manual material handling task","volume":"53","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2010-1002","article-title":"Effect of different seat support characteristics on the neck and trunk muscles and forward head posture of visual display terminal workers","volume":"36","author":"Yoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.10.013","article-title":"Sling-based infant carrying affects lumbar and thoracic spine neuromechanics during standing and walking","volume":"67","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23819","article-title":"Back and abdominal muscle function during stabilization exercises","volume":"82","author":"Arokoski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200205000-00002","article-title":"Activation of paraspinal and abdominal muscles during manually assisted and nonassisted therapeutic exercise","volume":"81","author":"Arokoski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211015225","article-title":"Hip and Core Muscle Activation During High-Load Core Stabilization Exercises","volume":"14","author":"Khosrokiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150607","article-title":"Lumbar multifidus and erector spinae electromyograms during back bridge exercise in time and frequency domains","volume":"29","author":"Mello","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.03.013","article-title":"A comparison of muscle activity and heart rate response during backward and forward walking on an underwater treadmill","volume":"25","author":"Masumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.05.015","article-title":"The progression of paraspinal muscle recruitment intensity in localized and global strength training exercises is not based on instability alone","volume":"92","author":"Colado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.08.606","article-title":"Co-contractive activation of the superficial multifidus during volitional preemptive abdominal contraction","volume":"6","author":"Matthijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"PMR J. Inj. Funct. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.08.012","article-title":"Effects of hand and knee positions on muscular activity during trunk extension exercise with the Roman chair","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2013.844091","article-title":"Laughing: A demanding exercise for trunk muscles","volume":"46","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2014.11.011","article-title":"Application of Pilates principles increases paraspinal muscle activation","volume":"19","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1037","article-title":"Comparison of selective electromyographic activity of the superficial lumbar multifidus between prone trunk extension and four-point kneeling arm and leg lift exercises","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2014.07.008","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of training to selectively strengthen the lumbar multifidus muscle: Effects of different lifting directions and weight loading of the extremities during quadruped upper and lower extremity lifts","volume":"38","author":"Masaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1377792","article-title":"Magnitudes of muscle activation of spine stabilizers in healthy adults during prone on elbow planking exercises with and without a fitness ball","volume":"34","author":"Youdas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738116653931","article-title":"Muscle Activation Among Supine, Prone, and Side Position Exercises With and Without a Swiss Ball","volume":"8","author":"Escamilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.01.011","article-title":"Trunk muscle activity during different variations of the supine plank exercise","volume":"28","author":"Calatayud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001351","article-title":"Electromyographic and Force Plate Analysis of the Deadlift Performed With and Without Chains","volume":"30","author":"Nijem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1800358","article-title":"Trunk muscle activity during different types of low weighted squat exercises in normal and forefoot standing conditions","volume":"38","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., and Shan, X. (2017). Spasm and flexion-relaxation phenomenon response to large lifting load during the performance of a trunk flexion-extension exercise. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1869-6"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90090-0","article-title":"Trunk muscle electromyography and whole body vibration","volume":"22","author":"Seroussi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"155","article-title":"Acute effects of whole-body vibration on trunk and neck muscle activity in consideration of different vibration loads","volume":"14","author":"Perchthaler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2021.1909146","article-title":"Effect of fatigue on muscle latency, muscle activation and perceived discomfort when exposed to whole-body vibration","volume":"64","author":"Nolan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200108000-00001","article-title":"Back muscle contraction patterns of patients with low back pain before and after rehabilitation treatment: An electromyographic evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199304000-00014","article-title":"Increased central drive during fatiguing contractions of the paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"18","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000179","article-title":"Relationship Between Electromyographic Signal Amplitude and Thickness Change of the Trunk Muscles in Patients With and Without Low Back Pain","volume":"31","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000115133.97216.EC","article-title":"Chronic low back pain-associated paraspinal muscle dysfunction is not the result of a constitutionally determined \u201cadverse\u201d fiber-type composition","volume":"29","author":"Crossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017091","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017091","article-title":"Association between spectral characteristics of paraspinal muscles and functional disability in patients with low back pain: A cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Chiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00303412","article-title":"Pocket-size, portable surface EMG device in the differentiation of low back pain patients","volume":"4","author":"Jalovaara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170930","article-title":"Difference of the thickness and activation of trunk muscles during static stoop lift at different loads between subjects with and without low back pain","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.01.016","article-title":"Age- and low back pain-related differences in trunk muscle activation during one-legged stance balance task","volume":"69","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12935","article-title":"Variation in the spatial distribution of erector spinae activity during a lumbar endurance task in people with low back pain","volume":"234","author":"Sanderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2020-0040","article-title":"Effect of Increased Lumbar Lordosis on Lumbar Multifidus and Longissimus Thoracis Activation During Quadruped Exercise in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: An EMG Study","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varrecchia, T., Conforto, S., De Nunzio, A.M., Draicchio, F., Falla, D., and Ranavolo, A. (2022). Trunk Muscle Coactivation in People with and without Low Back Pain during Fatiguing Frequency-Dependent Lifting Activities. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041417"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2014.11.002","article-title":"A comparison of lumbopelvic motion patterns and erector spinae behavior between asymptomatic subjects and patients with recurrent low back pain during pain-free periods","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.72.165","article-title":"Electromyographic functional analysis of the lumbar spinal muscles with low back pain","volume":"72","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch. Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19516-7","article-title":"People with chronic low back pain display spatial alterations in high-density surface EMG-torque oscillations","volume":"12","author":"Arvanitidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasch-Bernat, M., Willems, T., Danneels, L., Meeus, M., and Goubert, D. (2021). Differences in myoelectric activity of the lumbar muscles between recurrent and chronic low back pain: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04623-9"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suehiro, T., Ishida, H., Kobara, K., Osaka, H., and Kurozumi, C. (2021). Trunk muscle activation patterns during active hip abduction test during remission from recurrent low back pain: An observational study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04538-5"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0792-3","article-title":"The value of electromyography of the lumbar paraspinal muscles in discriminating between chronic-low-back-pain sufferers and normal subjects","volume":"14","author":"Humphrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199302000-00012","article-title":"Trunk strength and lumbar paraspinal muscle activity during isometric exercise in chronic low-back pain patients and controls","volume":"18","author":"Cassisi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152102","article-title":"Interaction of body mass index and age in muscular activities among backpack carrying male schoolchildren","volume":"52","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.07.007","article-title":"Rowers with a recent history of low back pain engage different regions of the lumbar erector spinae during rowing","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6946294","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6946294","article-title":"Spatial Distribution and Asymmetry of Surface Electromyography on Lumbar Muscles of Soldiers with Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"2020","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00065-X","article-title":"Surface electromyography in the identification of chronic low back pain patients: The development of the flexion relaxation ratio","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102740","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the flexion and extension relaxation ratios to identify altered paraspinal muscles\u2019 flexion relaxation phenomenon in nonspecific chronic low back pain patients","volume":"68","author":"Gouteron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.05.008","article-title":"Paraspinal muscle function assessed with the flexion-relaxation ratio at baseline in a population of patients with back-related leg pain","volume":"34","author":"Owens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ba021e","article-title":"Flexion-relaxation ratio in sitting: Application in low back pain rehabilitation","volume":"35","author":"Mak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90142-3","article-title":"Back and hip extensor fatigability in chronic low back pain patients and controls","volume":"79","author":"Taimela","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shigetoh, H., Nishi, Y., Osumi, M., and Morioka, S. (2020). Combined abnormal muscle activity and pain-related factors affect disability in patients with chronic low back pain: An association rule analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244111"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003196","article-title":"Flexion-Relaxation Ratio Asymmetry and Its Relation With Trunk Lateral ROM in Individuals With and Without Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain","volume":"45","author":"Genevay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4375-2","article-title":"Are lumbar multifidus fatigue and transversus abdominis activation similar in patients with lumbar disc herniation and healthy controls? A case control study","volume":"25","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E367","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200108150-00014","article-title":"Disc herniation-related back pain impairs feed-forward control of paraspinal muscles","volume":"26","author":"Leinonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.238","article-title":"Changes in the Flexion-Relaxation Response After Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy in Patients with Disc Herniation","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.10.017","article-title":"Kinematics and paraspinal muscle activation patterns during walking differ between patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and controls","volume":"99","author":"Mandelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000048495.81763.8C","article-title":"Paraspinal muscle denervation, paradoxically good lumbar endurance, and an abnormal flexion-extension cycle in lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"28","author":"Leinonen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4036-5","article-title":"The effect of decompressive surgery on lumbar paraspinal and biceps brachii muscle function and movement perception in lumbar spinal stenosis: A 2-year follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Taimela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2563-x","article-title":"Lumbar paraspinal and biceps brachii muscle function and movement perception in lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"22","author":"Leinonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9758273","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9758273","article-title":"Differences in Nonspecific Low Back Pain between Young Adult Females with and without Lumbar Scoliosis","volume":"2019","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96882-8","article-title":"Asymmetrical activation and asymmetrical weakness as two different mechanisms of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200206010-00009","article-title":"Paraspinal muscle activities of patients with scoliosis after spine fusion: An electromyographic study","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00012","article-title":"The relation between electromyography and growth velocity of the spine in the evaluation of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Cheung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R.Y.H., Ma, A.C.F., Cheung, T.S.K., Chan, J.C.L., Kwok, R.W.Y., Fu, A.C.L., and Tsang, S.M.H. (2023). Effect of muscle fatigue of the thoracic erector spinae on neuromuscular control when performing the upper extremity functional tasks in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281001"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0780-7","article-title":"A preliminary study on electromyographic analysis of the paraspinal musculature in idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"14","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, R., Yip, J., Fan, Y., Cheung, J.P.Y., and To, K.M. (2022). Electromyographic Analysis of Paraspinal Muscles of Scoliosis Patients Using Machine Learning Approaches. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031177"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, M.C., Yip, J., and Lai, J.S.K. (2022). Biofeedback Posture Training for Adolescents with Mild Scoliosis. BioMed Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5918698"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"540","article-title":"The electromyographic responses of paraspinal muscles during isokinetic exercise in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis with a Cobb\u2019s angle less than fifty degrees","volume":"33","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13336","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013336","article-title":"Proposal of a new exercise protocol for idiopathic scoliosis: A preliminary study","volume":"97","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20030201-19","article-title":"The role of measured resistance exercises in adolescent scoliosis","volume":"26","author":"Mooney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Yang, J.T., Zheng, Q., Mei, Z., and Ma, C.Z. (2022). How do Paraspinal Muscles Contract during the Schroth Exercise Treatment in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)?. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9060234"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.05.014","article-title":"Electromyographic responses of erector spinae and lower limb\u2019s muscles to dynamic postural perturbations in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"24","author":"Farahpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2004.05.001","article-title":"Electromyographic responses of paraspinal muscles to postural disturbance with special reference to scoliotic children","volume":"27","author":"Perret","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, G., Aslan, S., Ugiliweneza, B., and Behrman, A. (2020). Contribution of Trunk Muscles to Upright Sitting with Segmental Support in Children with Spinal Cord Injury. Children, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/children7120278"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.10.058","article-title":"Mapping Spinal Cord Stimulation-Evoked Muscle Responses in Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"26","author":"Hoglund","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodul. J. Int. Neuromodul. Soc."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2021.102608","article-title":"Altered neuromuscular activity and postural stability during standing balance tasks in persons with non-specific neck pain","volume":"61","author":"Sremakaew","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2167.2008","article-title":"Neck strength and EMG activity in fighter pilots with episodic neck pain","volume":"79","author":"Lecompte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150378","article-title":"Asymmetry of neck motion and activation of the cervical paraspinal muscles during prone neck extension in subjects with unilateral posterior neck pain","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms1923.61.137","article-title":"Effects of intermittent cervical traction on muscle pain. Flowmetric and electromyographic studies of the cervical paraspinal muscles","volume":"61","author":"Nanno","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00458-X","article-title":"Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplash-like perturbations","volume":"36","author":"Siegmund","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.08.002","article-title":"Loud preimpact tones reduce the cervical multifidus muscle response during rear-end collisions: A potential method for reducing whiplash injuries","volume":"15","author":"Mang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.10.001","article-title":"Neuromuscular control of the head in an isometric force reproduction task: Comparison of whiplash subjects and healthy controls","volume":"7","author":"Descarreaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200105150-00005","article-title":"Electromyographic reflex responses to mechanical force, manually assisted spinal manipulative therapy","volume":"26","author":"Colloca","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.12.001","article-title":"Effect of Massage on Clinical and Physiological Variables During Muscle Fatigue Task in Participants With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Crossover Study","volume":"42","author":"Daneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.03.012","article-title":"Immediate effects of a high-velocity spine manipulation in paraspinal muscles activity of nonspecific chronic low-back pain subjects","volume":"15","author":"Bicalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.09.002","article-title":"Back muscle activity and sagittal spinal alignment during quadruped upper and lower extremity lift in young men with low back pain history","volume":"66","author":"Masaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.5604\/15093492.1230520","article-title":"Multiple Impulse Therapy in the Assessment of Paraspinal Muscle Tone in Patients with Low Back Pain","volume":"18","author":"Topol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ortop. Traumatol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.10.009","article-title":"Effect of the Abdominal Hollowing and Bracing Maneuvers on Activity Pattern of the Lumbopelvic Muscles During Prone Hip Extension in Subjects With or Without Chronic Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study","volume":"40","author":"Kahlaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2014.01.008","article-title":"Changes in muscle activity and stature recovery after active rehabilitation for chronic low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.06.012","article-title":"Effects of Kinesio Taping on peak torque and muscle activity in women with low back pain presenting fears and beliefs related to physical activity","volume":"24","author":"Lemos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.013","article-title":"Activation of lumbar paraspinal and abdominal muscles during therapeutic exercises in chronic low back pain patients","volume":"85","author":"Arokoski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00934","article-title":"Surface EMG in Clinical Assessment and Neurorehabilitation: Barriers Limiting Its Use","volume":"11","author":"Campanini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Grande, D., Atashzar, S.F., Martinez-Valdes, E., and Falla, D. (2021). Muscle network topology analysis for the classification of chronic neck pain based on EMG biomarkers extracted during walking. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252657"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02173-4","article-title":"A convolutional neural network to detect scoliosis treatment in radiographs","volume":"15","author":"Vergari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06356-0","article-title":"Interpretable machine learning models for classifying low back pain status using functional physiological variables","volume":"29","author":"Liew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Zhang, K., Fan, H., Huang, Z., Xiang, Y., Yang, J., He, L., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., and Li, R. (2019). Development and validation of deep learning algorithms for scoliosis screening using back images. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0635-8"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, G., Yip, J., Cheung, M.C., and Yick, K.L. (2015). Evaluation of Myoelectric Activity of Paraspinal Muscles in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis during Habitual Standing and Sitting. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/958450"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/11\/1086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:47:45Z","timestamp":1760107665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/11\/1086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14111086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14111086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]}}}