{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:19:16Z","timestamp":1785291556451,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the science and engineering of creating intelligent machines for imitating and expanding human intelligence. Given the ongoing evolution of the multidisciplinary integration trend in modern medicine, numerous studies have investigated the power of AI to address orthopedic-specific problems. One particular area of investigation focuses on shoulder pathology, which is a range of disorders or abnormalities of the shoulder joint, causing pain, inflammation, stiffness, weakness, and reduced range of motion. There has not yet been a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate current AI applications in shoulder pathology. This review mainly summarizes several crucial stages of the clinical practice, including predictive models and prognosis, diagnosis, treatment, and physical therapy. In addition, the challenges and future development of AI technology are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14111091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T05:36:06Z","timestamp":1716528966000},"page":"1091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of Artificial Intelligence in Shoulder Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, People\u2019s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6460-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5414-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denghui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-021-2474-3","article-title":"Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: An Overview","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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