{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:16:18Z","timestamp":1790266578873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracentesis is one of the most important invasive procedures in the clinical setting. Particularly, thoracentesis can be relevant in the evaluation of a new diagnosed pleural effusion, thus allowing for the collection of pleural fluid so that laboratory tests essential to establish a diagnosis can be performed. Furthermore, thoracentesis is a maneuver that can have therapeutic and palliative purposes. Historically, the procedure was performed based on a physical examination. In recent years, the role of ultrasound has been established as a valuable tool for assistance and guidance in the thoracentesis procedure. The use of ultrasound increases success rates and significantly reduces complications. The aim of this educational review is to provide a detailed and sequential examination of the procedure, focusing on the two main modalities, the ultrasound-assisted and ultrasound-guided form.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14111124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:58:07Z","timestamp":1716965887000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ultrasound-Assisted and Ultrasound-Guided Thoracentesis: An Educational Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9303-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Boccatonda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant\u2019Orsola Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Rampoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6608-6252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Corvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Sciences and Wellbeing Department, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ultrasound in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, Gabriele d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"D\u2019Ardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of \u201cClinica Medica\u201d, Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Gabriele d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Istituto Diagnostico Varelli, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3745-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Vetrugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosima","family":"Schiavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Ultrasound in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, Gabriele d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Piscaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant\u2019Orsola Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36850","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036850","article-title":"Thoracentesis techniques: A literature review","volume":"103","author":"Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220304","article-title":"British Thoracic Society Guideline for pleural disease","volume":"78","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8771","article-title":"Use of lung ultrasound for the diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion","volume":"26","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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