{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T22:09:18Z","timestamp":1773353358773,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive aspergillosis (IA) represents a common form of fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus that most frequently affect immunocompromised patients. Typically, this disease occurs preferentially in high-risk groups including patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), patients with leukemia, patients with autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant patients undergoing medical immunosuppression. Considered the second most common cause of opportunistic fungal infection in humans after Candida albicans, this pathogen predominantly affects the lungs, but it may also spread by a hematogenous route to various organs and have a heterogeneous presentation. Owing to its high iodine levels, high perfusion, and enclosed capsule, the thyroid gland is considered to have a lower susceptibility to microbial invasion, and it is fairly uncommon to find associated infectious nodules. In metabolic imaging, 18F-FDG-PET\/CT has become increasingly useful for detecting a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases and is already the gold standard for certain indications. According to the literature, no studies of hypermetabolic nodular thyroid aspergillosis on 18F-FDG-PET\/CT confirmed on histology have yet been reported. Here, we report the first case of a patient with a heterogeneous presentation of IA and the presence of a hypermetabolic nodule in the thyroid with a surprising result.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14131451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1720414369000},"page":"1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Rare Case of Invasive Thyroid Aspergillosis Revealed on 18F-FDG-PET\/CT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0766-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoub","family":"Jaafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, H.U.B Hospital, 1070 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soha\u00efb","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, C.H.U Brugmann, 1020 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Lebrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomopathological Department, H.U.B Hospital, 1070 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keitiane","family":"Kaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit Department, C.H.U Brugmann, 1020 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachid","family":"Attou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit Department, C.H.U Brugmann, 1020 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2027424","article-title":"Aspergillus Infections","volume":"385","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chotirmall, S.H., Al-Alawi, M., Mirkovic, B., Lavelle, G., Logan, P.M., Greene, C.M., and McElvaney, N.G. (2013). Aspergillus-associated airway disease, inflammation, and the innate immune response. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/723129"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigot, J., Guillot, L., Guitard, J., Ruffin, M., Corvol, H., Balloy, V., and Hennequin, C. (2020). Bronchial Epithelial Cells on the Front Line to Fight Lung Infection-Causing Aspergillus fumigatus. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01041"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.016","article-title":"Airway and parenchymal manifestations of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"107","author":"Tunnicliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.90","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus morphology and dynamic host interactions","volume":"15","author":"Gresnigt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: Executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline","volume":"24","author":"Ullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.108843","article-title":"CT Halo sign: A systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623036","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/623036","article-title":"The use of (18)F-FDG-PET\/CT for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of inflammatory and infectious diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Glaudemans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"080","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3401990","article-title":"Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"41","author":"Ledoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-022-00497-6","article-title":"Heterogeneous imaging features of Aspergillosis at 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"10","author":"Altini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. 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