{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T19:06:08Z","timestamp":1772910368367,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HU21C0222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU21C0222"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["SMX 1240801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMX 1240801"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1004516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1004516"]}]},{"name":"the Future Medicine 2030 Project of the Samsung Medical Center","award":["HU21C0222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU21C0222"]}]},{"name":"the Future Medicine 2030 Project of the Samsung Medical Center","award":["SMX 1240801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMX 1240801"]}]},{"name":"the Future Medicine 2030 Project of the Samsung Medical Center","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1004516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1004516"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["HU21C0222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU21C0222"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["SMX 1240801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMX 1240801"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C1004516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A2C1004516"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a cascaded deep convolution neural network (CNN) for assessing enlarged perivascular space (ePVS) within the basal ganglia region using T2-weighted MRI. Enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVSs) are potential biomarkers for various neurodegenerative disorders, including dementia and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Accurate assessment of ePVS is crucial for early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. Our approach first utilizes an ePVS enhancement CNN to improve ePVS visibility and then employs a quantification CNN to predict the number of ePVSs. The ePVS enhancement CNN selectively enhances the ePVS areas without the need for additional heuristic parameters, achieving a higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 113.77 compared to Tophat, Clahe, and Laplacian-based enhancement algorithms. The subsequent ePVS quantification CNN was trained and validated using fourfold cross-validation on a dataset of 76 participants. The quantification CNN attained 88% accuracy at the image level and 94% accuracy at the subject level. These results demonstrate significant improvements over traditional algorithm-based methods, highlighting the robustness and reliability of our deep learning approach. The proposed cascaded deep CNN model not only enhances the visibility of ePVS but also provides accurate quantification, making it a promising tool for evaluating neurodegenerative disorders. This method offers a novel and significant advancement in the non-invasive assessment of ePVS, potentially aiding in early diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14141504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1720783683000},"page":"1504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deep Cascade of Convolutional Neural Networks for Quantification of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in the Basal Ganglia in Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Seunghye","family":"Chae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehwa","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Won-Jin","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Interrelationships of the pia mater and the perivascular (Virchow-Robin) spaces in the human cerebrum","volume":"170","author":"Zhang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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