{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T10:03:30Z","timestamp":1780913010010,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2169\/B\/P01\/2011\/40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2169\/B\/P01\/2011\/40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-syndromic orofacial cleft (OFC) is the most common facial developmental defect in the global population. The etiology of these birth defects is complex and multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to determine if SNPs in the WNT gene family (rs1533767, rs708111, rs3809857, rs7207916, rs12452064) are associated with OFCs in a Polish population. The study included 627 individuals: 209 children with OFCs and 418 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from saliva for the study group and from umbilical cord blood for the control group. Polymorphism genotyping was conducted using quantitative PCR. No statistically significant association was found between four variants and clefts, with odds ratios for rs708111 being 1.13 (CC genotype) and 0.99 (CT genotype), for rs3809857 being 1.05 (GT genotype) and 0.95 (TT genotype), for rs7207916 being 0.86 (AA genotype) and 1.29 (AG genotype) and for rs12452064 being 0.97 (AA genotype) and 1.24 (AG genotype). However, the rs1533767 polymorphism in WNT showed a statistically significant increase in OFC risk for the GG genotype (OR = 1.76, p &lt; 0.001). This research shows that the rs1533767 polymorphism in the WNT gene is an important risk marker for OFC in the Polish population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14141537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T08:48:29Z","timestamp":1721206109000},"page":"1537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in WNT Genes in Patients with Non-Syndromic Orofacial Clefts in a Polish Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2036-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Zawi\u015blak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-9560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xabier","family":"Agirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Aplicada, IDISNA, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII-55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3466-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Znamirowska-Bajowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Grocholewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Prosper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Aplicada, IDISNA, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII-55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Lubi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jakubowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1597\/10-178","article-title":"Genetics of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts","volume":"49","author":"Rahimov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. 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