{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:54:32Z","timestamp":1788893672578,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an uncommon adenocarcinoma of apocrine gland-rich areas, presenting significant diagnostic challenges due to its nonspecific clinical appearance and frequent misidentification as benign, inflammatory skin conditions. Traditional diagnostic methods such as biopsy are invasive and uncomfortable, often required repeatedly due to high recurrence rates. Dermoscopy and non-invasive imaging techniques have been used but provide limited diagnostic accuracy due to their constraints in depth penetration and resolution. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, such as line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT), show promise in enhancing diagnostic precision while minimizing invasive procedures. LC-OCT merges high-resolution imaging with deep penetration capabilities, capturing detailed horizontal and vertical skin images akin to histopathology. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of LC-OCT in detecting EMPD and its recurrence in 17 clinically suspicious anogenital regions, belonging to six patients. Data were collected prospectively at the patient\u2019s bedside by an LC-OCT expert with poor training for EMPD, and, then, reviewed retrospectively by an independent LC-OCT expert with adequate training for EMPD and no concerns about time. The prospective examination yielded 64.7% accuracy (11 true results out of 17 total cases), 71.4% sensitivity (10 true positives out of 14 actual positives), and 33.3% specificity (1 true negative out of 3 actual negatives). The retrospective analysis achieved 94.1% accuracy (16 true results out of 17 total cases), 100% sensitivity (14 true positives out of 14 actual positives), and 66.7% specificity (2 true positives out of 3 actual positives), with the only false positive case being a difficult-to-diagnose concomitant presentation of a lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Despite the need for specialized training, our results suggest that LC-OCT represents a valuable tool for accurately identifying EMPD and improving its management by reducing unnecessary biopsies. Further studies are needed to standardize its clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14141562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:53Z","timestamp":1721380493000},"page":"1562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Line-Field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography in Detecting Extramammary Paget Disease Recurrences: A Pilot Diagnostic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2934-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwendoline","family":"Diet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Lenoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9093-1954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margot","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Boussingault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1570-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Orte Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyna","family":"Mtimet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Li\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6452-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilara","family":"Sanak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florine","family":"Moulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Laure","family":"Trepant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6959-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javiera","family":"Perez-Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Malvehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Cinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Groupe d\u2019Imagerie Cutan\u00e9e Non Invasive (GICNI) of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie (SFD), 42055 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6691-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Tognetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Rubegni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4479-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Perrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique Del","family":"Marmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Suppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), HUB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Groupe d\u2019Imagerie Cutan\u00e9e Non Invasive (GICNI) of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Dermatologie (SFD), 42055 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Paget\u2019s Disease Affecting the Scrotum and the 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Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/14\/1562\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:33Z","timestamp":1760109573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/14\/1562"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14141562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14141562","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}