{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:15:29Z","timestamp":1792167329814,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic liver disease occurs throughout the world irrespective of region, age, sex, or race, and it is caused by a variety of liver conditions. One of the most frequent infectious complications in liver cirrhosis that severely reduces the median survival is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Current guidelines recommend a paracentesis before starting an antibiotic prophylaxis for this complication. Methods: Selective intestinal decontamination significantly lowers the rate of first or recurrent SBP in cirrhotic patients, so in this study we aimed to investigate and quantify the intestinal integrity of patients with liver cirrhosis and correlate a pathologically increased permeability with the incidence of SPB. We included 14 patients who met the inclusion criteria. No patient was excluded. For the CLE investigation, we use probe based confocal laser endomicroscopy techniques from Mauna Kea (Cellvizio), enabling in vivo surface imaging. The images (optical biopsies) were analyzed for functional and structural barrier defects after the procedure using Mauna Kea software (version 1.0.09). Results: Because of the small number of included patients and healthy controls, most results are lacking statistical relevance. We found that the CLE investigation showed an increased intestinal permeability in patients with liver cirrhosis, in concordance with previous published data, based on other assessment methods. Conclusions: This study confirms that previously published permeability scores can be applied for patients with liver cirrhosis and is, to our knowledge, the first to investigate the intestinal permeability in vivo in patients with liver cirrhosis. Further data are needed to identify patients at risk and help develop new and less invasive diagnostic criteria for cirrhotic patients who may profit from a prophylactic antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14151606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T14:31:07Z","timestamp":1721917867000},"page":"1606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alterations in Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Visualized by Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in Liver Cirrhosis: A Pilot Trial (AMBIC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Alexandrina","family":"Rusticeanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Asklepios Klinikum Schwalmstadt, Krankenhausstra\u00dfe 27, 34613 Schwalmstadt, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Berne, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hospital Knappschaftsklinikum Saar, In d. Humes 35, 66346 P\u00fcttlingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, June 06). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","article-title":"Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update","volume":"79","author":"Devarbhavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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