{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:32Z","timestamp":1760145392164,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to evaluate the burden and impact of cardiac and cerebrovascular disease (CCD) on hospital inpatients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: This is a retrospective nationwide cohort study of people with T1DM with or without CCD in the US National Inpatient Sample between 2016 and 2019. The in-hospital mortality rates, length of stay (LoS), and healthcare costs were determined. Results: A total of 59,860 T1DM patients had a primary diagnosis of CCD and 1,382,934 did not. The median LoS was longer for patients with CCD compared to no CCD (4.6 vs. 3 days). Patients with T1DM and CCD had greater in-hospital mortality compared to those without CCD (4.1% vs. 1.1%, p &lt; 0.001). The estimated total care cost for all patients with T1DM with CCD was approximately USD 326 million. The adjusted odds of mortality compared to patients with non-CCD admission was greatest for intracranial hemorrhage (OR 17.37, 95%CI 12.68\u201323.79), pulmonary embolism (OR 4.39, 95%CI 2.70\u20137.13), endocarditis (OR 3.46, 95%CI 1.22\u20139.84), acute myocardial infarction (OR 2.31, 95%CI 1.92\u20132.77), and stroke (OR 1.47, 95%CI 1.04\u20132.09). Conclusions: The burden of CCD in patients with T1DM is substantial and significantly associated with increased hospital mortality and high healthcare expenditures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14151607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T06:17:44Z","timestamp":1721974664000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Burden of Inpatient Hospitalizations with Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample in the US"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Shing","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Post-Qualifying Healthcare Practice, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 6QG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan I.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Post-Qualifying Healthcare Practice, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory Y. H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University & Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L69 7TX, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Post-Qualifying Healthcare Practice, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 3TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip Andelo","family":"Borovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Interventional Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split (KBC Split), 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1608664","article-title":"Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"376","author":"Rawshani","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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