{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:41:23Z","timestamp":1791826883996,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a well-studied treatment option for locally non-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). Sedation is of crucial interest as it enables safe and pain-free procedures. Whether the type of sedation has an impact on procedural outcome is still not well investigated. Methods: We retrospectively collected data on patients undergoing liver RFA for various oncological conditions. Procedures were conducted in a non-operating room anesthesia (NORA) setting. Procedural-related complications and short-term oncological outcomes were analyzed. Results: Thirty-five patients (mean age 71.5 y, 80% male) were treated for HCC (26), CRLM (6) and gastric cancer metastases (3). Mean lesion size was 21 mm (SD \u00b1 10.1 mm), and the most common tumor localization was the right hepatic lobe. RFA was performed in a step-up sedation approach, with subcutaneous lidocaine injection prior to needle placement and subsequent deep sedation during ablation. No anesthesia-related early or late complications occurred. One patient presented with pleural effusion due to a large ablation zone and was treated conservatively. Local tumor-free survival after 1 and 6 months was 100% in all cases where a curative RFA approach was intended. Conclusions: NORA for liver RFA comes with high patient acceptance and tolerance, and optimal postoperative outcomes and oncologic results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14161783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T04:29:57Z","timestamp":1723782597000},"page":"1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Operating Room Anesthesia (NORA) for Ultrasound-Guided Liver Radiofrequency Ablation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carlo Felix Maria","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Liverani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1148-9684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Binda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovica","family":"Cristofaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences\u2014DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5932-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigina Vanessa","family":"Alemanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sartini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Coluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gibiino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Petraroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2014Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0670-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Forl\u00ec\u2013Cesena Hospitals, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui, T.C., Kwan, J., and Pua, U. 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