{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:05:14Z","timestamp":1789185914278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003665","name":"National IT Industry Promotion Agency (NIPA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S1402-23-1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S1402-23-1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, MOTIE","award":["S1402-23-1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S1402-23-1001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising demand for dental implants necessitates addressing anatomical challenges, particularly the shape of the mandible. Incorrectly angling implants can cause lingual perforations, risking damage to the inferior alveolar artery and nerve. This study analyzed 96 cone-beam computed tomography images from individuals aged 20 to 70 (8 males and 8 females) to evaluate mandibular anatomy in four areas: left and right sides and the first and second molars. Mandibular shapes were classified into U, C, and P types. U-shaped mandibles, with a wider crest width, pose the highest risk of lingual perforation. Measurements for U-shaped types included concavity angle, length, and depth. Statistical analyses (T-tests and ANOVA) with a 95% confidence interval showed no significant differences between the left and right sides. However, significant differences based on gender, age, and tooth type were found. The study found U-shapes in 34.6% of cases, P-shapes in 28.9%, and C-shapes in 36.5%, with U-shapes more common in second molars. Understanding these variations enhances the safety and effectiveness of implant procedures and oral surgeries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14161792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T09:15:41Z","timestamp":1723799741000},"page":"1792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Morphological Analysis of the Anatomical Mandibular Lingual Concavity Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans in East Asian Population\u2014A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8901-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee-Ju","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0739-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Hwan","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Ah","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Yoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Min","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6192-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Woon","family":"On","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hawseong 18450, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4446-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Eun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070067","article-title":"Clinical recommendations for avoiding and managing surgical complications associated with implant dentistry: A review","volume":"79","author":"Greenstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766-e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.02.018","article-title":"Evaluation of anatomic variations of mandibular lingual concavities from cone beam computed tomography scans in a Malaysian population","volume":"125","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.09.001","article-title":"Assessing the frequency of deep lingual concavities in 826 posterior mandible sockets","volume":"48","author":"Bodart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.11.018","article-title":"Lingual concavities in the mandible: A morphological study using cross-sectional analysis determined by CBCT","volume":"43","author":"Nickenig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. 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