{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:28:59Z","timestamp":1782516539277,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reviews innovative diagnostic approaches for diabetic retinopathy as the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications continue to escalate. Novel techniques focus on early disease detection. Technological innovations, such as teleophthalmology, smartphone-based photography, artificial intelligence with deep learning, or widefield photography, can enhance diagnostic accuracy and accelerate the treatment. The review highlights teleophthalmology and handheld photography as promising solutions for remote eye care. These methods revolutionize diabetic retinopathy screening, offering cost-effective and accessible solutions. However, the use of these techniques may be limited by insurance coverage in certain world regions. Ultra-widefield photography offers a comprehensive view of up to 80.0% of the retina in a single image, compared to the 34.0% coverage of the traditional seven-field imaging protocol. It allows retinal imaging without pupil dilation, especially for individuals with compromised mydriasis. However, they also have drawbacks, including high costs, artifacts from eyelashes, eyelid margins, and peripheral distortion. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, particularly through convolutional neural networks, are revolutionizing diabetic retinopathy diagnostics, enhancing screening efficiency and accuracy. FDA-approved Artificial Intelligence-powered devices such as LumineticsCore\u2122, EyeArt, and AEYE Diagnostic Screening demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity in diabetic retinopathy detection. While Artificial Intelligence offers the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce treatment costs, challenges such as dataset biases, high initial costs, and cybersecurity risks must be considered to ensure safety and efficiency. Nanotechnology advancements further enhance diagnosis, offering highly branched polyethyleneimine particles with fluorescein sodium (PEI-NHAc-FS) for better fluorescein angiography or vanadium oxide-based metabolic fingerprinting for early detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T01:48:49Z","timestamp":1724636929000},"page":"1846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Modern Approach to Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"K\u0105pa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iga","family":"Koryciarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kustosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Jurowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Pniakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Optegra Eye Clinic, 90-127 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","article-title":"The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Tomic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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