{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:53:11Z","timestamp":1773283991073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Blair Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1), a cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95), fractalkine, and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) are circulating proteins known to be involved in inflammation. While their roles have been studied in neurological conditions and cardiovascular diseases, their potential as peripheral artery disease (PAD) biomarkers remain unexplored. We conducted a cross-sectional diagnostic study using data from 476 recruited patients (164 without PAD and 312 with PAD). Plasma levels of CINC-1, CD95, fractalkine, and TIM-1 were measured at baseline. A PAD diagnosis was established at recruitment based on clinical exams and investigations, defined as an ankle-brachial index &lt; 0.9 or toe-brachial index &lt; 0.67 with absent\/diminished pedal pulses. Using 10-fold cross-validation, we trained a random forest algorithm, incorporating clinical characteristics and biomarkers that showed differential expression in PAD versus non-PAD patients to predict a PAD diagnosis. Among the proteins tested, CINC-1, CD95, and fractalkine were elevated in PAD vs. non-PAD patients, forming a 3-biomarker panel. Our predictive model achieved an AUROC of 0.85 for a PAD diagnosis using clinical features and this 3-biomarker panel. By combining the clinical characteristics with these biomarkers, we developed an accurate predictive model for a PAD diagnosis. This algorithm can assist in PAD screening, risk stratification, and guiding clinical decisions regarding further vascular assessment, referrals, and medical\/surgical management to potentially improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T01:48:49Z","timestamp":1724636929000},"page":"1847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inflammatory Protein Panel: Exploring Diagnostic Insights for Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis in a Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7191-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakan","family":"Nassereldine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houssam","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart, Vascular, & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 112412, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Batool","family":"AbuHalimeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart, Vascular, & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 112412, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Zamzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawand","family":"Abdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Qadura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zemaitis, M.R., Boll, J.M., and Dreyer, M.A. (2021). 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