{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:59:35Z","timestamp":1790744375141,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Current Research Funds 2024, Ministry of Health, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Apraxia is a neurological disorder that is common after a stroke and impairs the planning and execution of movements. In the rehabilitation field, virtual reality (VR) presents new opportunities and offers advantages to both rehabilitation teams and individuals with neurological conditions. Indeed, VR can stimulate and improve cognitive reserve and abilities, including executive function, and enhance the patient\u2019s emotional status. Aim: The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of VR in improving praxis skills and behavioural functioning in individuals with severe stroke. Methods: A total of 20 stroke patients were enrolled from February 2022 to March 2023 and divided by the order of their recruitment into two groups: the experimental group (EG: n = 10) received training to improve their praxis skills using VR whereas the control one (CG: n = 10) received the same amount of standard training. All patients underwent an evaluation using a psychometric battery that consisted of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS-D), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Spinnler and Tognoni test, and De Renzi and Faglioni test. Valuations were performed before rehabilitation (T0) and after its completion (T1). Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements post-intervention. The EG showed a greater enhancement in their MMSE scores (p = 0.002), and reductions in both ideomotor and constructive apraxia (p = 0.002 for both), compared to the CG. The VR-based training also resulted in significant improvements in their depression symptoms (HRSD scores improved, p = 0.012 in EG vs. p = 0.021 in CG). Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that VR could help reduce cognitive, constructive apraxia and ideomotor apraxia symptoms caused by stroke injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T07:52:08Z","timestamp":1724831528000},"page":"1892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Virtual Rehabilitation Training on Post-Stroke Executive and Praxis Skills and Depression Symptoms: A Quasi-Randomised Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0757-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3284-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5012-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Calderone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenza Maura","family":"Mazzurco Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Rifici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3984-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cappadona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-605X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-0970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Cardile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia Maria","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9661-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Ielo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quartarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, S.S. 113 Via Palermo, C. da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco 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