{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:37:37Z","timestamp":1790973457338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VICTOR BABES UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY TIMISOARA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radial artery spasm (RAS) is a common complication associated with transradial access (TRA) for coronary interventions, particularly affecting elderly patients in whom radial access is preferred due to its benefits in reducing bleeding complications, improving clinical outcomes, and lowering long-term costs. This review examines the incidence, prevention, and treatment of RAS. Methods included an online search of PubMed and other databases in early 2024, analyzing meta-analyses, reviews, studies, and case reports. RAS is characterized by a sudden narrowing of the radial artery due to psychological and mechanical factors with incidence reports varying up to 51.3%. Key risk factors include patient characteristics like female sex, age, and small body size as well as procedural factors such as emergency procedures and the use of multiple catheters. Preventive measures include using distal radial access, hydrophilic sheaths, and appropriate catheter sizes. Treatments involve the intraarterial administration of nitroglycerine and verapamil as well as mechanical methods like balloon-assisted tracking. This review underscores the need for standardizing RAS definitions and emphasizes the importance of operator experience and patient management in reducing RAS incidence and improving procedural success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T03:40:39Z","timestamp":1724902839000},"page":"1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Radial Artery Spasm\u2014A Review on Incidence, Prevention and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3377-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Sebastian","family":"Zus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simina","family":"Cri\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1298-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ni\u0219ulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Valcovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"P\u0103tru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai-Andrei","family":"Laz\u0103r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"V\u0103c\u0103rescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Gai\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin-Tudor","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Timisoara, 13A Gheorghe Adam Street, 300310 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007386","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.007386","article-title":"Transradial Artery Access Complications","volume":"12","author":"Sandoval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2021.12.007","article-title":"Radial Artery Access Complications: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"40","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31714-8","article-title":"Radial versus femoral access and bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in invasively managed patients with acute coronary syndrome (MATRIX): Final 1-year results of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"Valgimigli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60404-2","article-title":"Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): A randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial","volume":"377","author":"Jolly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001645","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001645","article-title":"Access and Non\u2013Access Site Bleeding After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Risk of Subsequent Mortality and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events","volume":"8","author":"Kwok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000914","article-title":"Current Perspectives in Facilitated Angioplasty","volume":"26","author":"Petrescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.06.034","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of Radial Access Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"156","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.02.026","article-title":"Randomized Clinical Trial on Prevention of Radial Occlusion after Transradial Access Using Nitroglycerin","volume":"15","author":"Dangas","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigkas, G., Papanikolaou, A., Apostolos, A., Kramvis, A., Timpilis, F., Latta, A., Papafaklis, M.I., Aminian, A., and Davlouros, P. (2023). Preventing and Managing Radial Artery Occlusion following Transradial Procedures: Strategies and Considerations. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10070283"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16146","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.142.suppl_3.16146","article-title":"Abstract 16146: Topical Nitroglycerine Reduces Radial Access Site Failure and Femoral Crossover\u2014Topical Nitroglycerine to Prevent Radial Artery Spasm (TNTRASP) Study","volume":"142","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2022.10.018","article-title":"Predictors of radial to femoral artery crossover during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Dang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2016.0022","article-title":"Catheter entrapment due to severe radial artery spasm during transradial approach","volume":"23","author":"Zencirci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25528","article-title":"Radial artery avulsion\u2014A rare complication of transradial catheterization","volume":"85","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2011.11.003","article-title":"Radial artery spasm during transradial cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention: Incidence, predisposing factors, prevention, and management","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70352-7","article-title":"Comparison among arterial grafts and coronary artery: An attempt at functional classification","volume":"109","author":"He","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FPE05004X","article-title":"Analysis of Vasoreactivity of Isolated Human Radial Artery","volume":"100","author":"Stojnic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(98)70414-3","article-title":"Characteristics of adrenoceptors in the human radial artery: Clinical implications","volume":"115","author":"He","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"504","article-title":"Radial artery spasm in transradial cardiac catheterization. Assessment of factors related to its occurrence, and of its consequences during follow-up","volume":"58","author":"Mora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/joic.12000","article-title":"Incidence and Predictors of Radial Artery Spasm at the Beginning of a Transradial Coronary Procedure","volume":"26","author":"Gorgulu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Interv. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"843","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of radial artery spasm during transradial coronary angiography and intervention","volume":"123","author":"Jia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2011.41.12.726","article-title":"Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthesia Cream Can Reduce Both the Radial Pain and Sympathetic Response during Transradial Coronary Angiography","volume":"41","author":"Youn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-013-0324-3","article-title":"Anatomical variations affect radial artery spasm and procedural achievement of transradial cardiac catheterization","volume":"29","author":"Numasawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10445","article-title":"Evaluation of a spasmolytic cocktail to prevent radial artery spasm during coronary procedures","volume":"58","author":"Kiemeneij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.1307","article-title":"Measurement of radial artery spasm using an automatic pullback device","volume":"54","author":"Kiemeneij","year":"2001","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25163","article-title":"How to limit radial artery spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions: The spasmolytic agents to avoid spasm during transradial percutaneous coronary interventions (SPASM3) study","volume":"84","author":"Rosencher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-010-3372-9","article-title":"Transradial access in percutaneous coronary interventions","volume":"35","author":"Dahm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2012.11.005","article-title":"Moderate Procedural Sedation and Opioid Analgesia during Transradial Coronary Interventions to Prevent Spasm","volume":"6","author":"Deftereos","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319713488931","article-title":"Anxiety Score as a Risk Factor for Radial Artery Vasospasm during Radial Interventions: A Pilot Study","volume":"65","author":"Ercan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"67","article-title":"Clinical predictors and management for radial artery spasm: An Australian cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Curtis","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2009.07.014","article-title":"Mechanism and Predictors of Failed Transradial Approach for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions","volume":"2","author":"Dehghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.024","article-title":"A predictive score of radial artery spasm in patients undergoing transradial percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"188","author":"Giannopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E32","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25082","article-title":"Radial artery spasm associated with transradial cardiovascular procedures: Results from the RAS registry","volume":"83","author":"Goldsmit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"138","article-title":"Coronary interventions via radial artery without pre procedural routine use of spasmolytic agents","volume":"16","author":"Bochenek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Interv. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2016.0184","article-title":"Can radial artery pulse grading predict radial artery spasm during transradial approach?","volume":"75","author":"Zencirci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kardiol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197231155599","article-title":"Effect of Hand Dominance on Radial Artery Spasm and Occlusion: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"75","author":"Toprak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.22552","article-title":"Reduction in spasm with a long hydrophylic transradial sheath","volume":"76","author":"Caussin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197221098278","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting Radial Artery Spasm during Coronary Angiography","volume":"74","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2927","article-title":"Relationship between heart rate variability and radial artery spasm in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angiography via radial access","volume":"27","author":"Hatem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"228","article-title":"Relation between Serum Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels and Radial Artery Spasm","volume":"23","author":"Kocayigit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.04.032","article-title":"Distal Versus Conventional Radial Access for Coronary Angiography and Intervention","volume":"15","author":"Aminian","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25232","article-title":"Initial experience with the glidesheath slender for transradial coronary angiography and intervention: A feasibility study with prospective radial ultrasound follow-up","volume":"84","author":"Aminian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-16-00816","article-title":"Comparison of a new slender 6 Fr sheath with a standard 5 Fr sheath for transradial coronary angiography and intervention: RAP and BEAT (Radial Artery Patency and Bleeding, Efficacy, Adverse even T), a randomised multicentre trial","volume":"13","author":"Aminian","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-015-4373-5","article-title":"Procedural sedation during transradial coronary angiography to prevent spasm","volume":"41","author":"Astarcioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.03.048","article-title":"Topical nitroglycerin and lidocaine to dilate the radial artery prior to transradial cardiac catheterization: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"168","author":"Beyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.11.005","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Nicardipine and Isosorbide Dinitrate to Prevent Spasm in Transradial Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the NISTRA Multicenter Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial)","volume":"188","author":"Bouchahda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"539","article-title":"Magnesium sulphate during transradial cardiac catheterization: A new use for an old drug?","volume":"20","author":"Byrne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2009.05.034","article-title":"Facilitation of Radial Artery Cannulation by Periradial Subcutaneous Administration of Nitroglycerin","volume":"20","author":"Candemir","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000089246","article-title":"A Simple and Effective Regimen for Prevention of Radial Artery Spasm during Coronary Catheterization","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2212","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-16-00868","article-title":"Pressure-mediated versus pharmacologic treatment of radial artery spasm during cardiac catheterisation: A randomised pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Collet","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"155","article-title":"Nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, or both, in preventing radial artery spasm during transradial artery catheterization","volume":"18","author":"Coppola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"26","article-title":"Use of subcutaneous nitroglycerin to facilitate transradial access in coronary procedures (NiSAR Study)","volume":"3","author":"Coroleu","year":"2022","journal-title":"REC Interv. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"960","article-title":"Impact of One-Catheter Strategy with TIG I Catheter on Coronary Catheterization Performance and Economic Costs","volume":"113","author":"Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10321","article-title":"A randomized trial of 5 vs. 6 French transradial percutaneous coronary interventions","volume":"57","author":"Dahm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.22688","article-title":"Radial artery flow-mediated dilation predicts arterial spasm during transradial coronary interventions","volume":"77","author":"Deftereos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"122","article-title":"Nitroglycerin plus diltiazem versus nitroglycerin alone for spasm prophylaxis with transradial approach","volume":"24","author":"Dharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2014.05.023","article-title":"Effects of subcutaneously infiltrated nitroglycerin on diameter, palpability, ease-of-puncture and pre-cannulation spasm of radial artery during transradial coronary angiography","volume":"66","author":"Ezhumalai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"59","article-title":"Comparative study of the use of diltiazem as an antispasmodic drug in coronary angiography via the transradial approach","volume":"81","author":"Filho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-018-4707-1","article-title":"Comparison of procedural success between two radial sheaths: Comparison of the 6-Fr Glidesheath Slender to 6-Fr standard sheath","volume":"45","author":"Gul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV12I10A207","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and the occurrence of radial artery spasm during transradial coronary procedures: The ACRA-Spasm study","volume":"12","author":"Janssens","year":"2016","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10708","article-title":"Transradial coronary angiography in patients with contraindications to the femoral approach: An analysis of 500 cases","volume":"61","author":"Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000588","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000588","article-title":"Need for Prophylactic Application of Verapamil in Transradial Coronary Procedures: A Randomized Trial: The VITRIOL (Is Verapamil In TransRadial Interventions OmittabLe?)","volume":"3","author":"Hizoh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trial. J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00239","article-title":"A randomised comparison of incidence of radial artery occlusion and symptomatic radial artery spasm associated with elective transradial coronary intervention using 6.5 Fr SheathLess Eaucath Guiding Catheter vs. 6.0 Fr Glidesheath Slender","volume":"13","author":"Horie","year":"2018","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"356","article-title":"Frequency and Predictors of Radial Artery Spasm during Coronary Angiography\/Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad JAMC"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"6","article-title":"Periarterial Injections of Nitroglycerin Facilitate Radial Artery Cannulation","volume":"18","author":"Kiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.10.008","article-title":"Comparative study of nicorandil and a spasmolytic cocktail in preventing radial artery spasm during transradial coronary angiography","volume":"120","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2003.07.016","article-title":"The use of a hydrophilic-coated catheter during transradial cardiac catheterization is associated with a low incidence of radial artery spasm","volume":"96","author":"Koga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.14740\/cr1313","article-title":"Heme Effects in Lowering Patient Discomfort in Radial Artery Verapamil Injection","volume":"12","author":"Livesay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100689","article-title":"Novel combined topical gel of lidocaine\u2013verapamil\u2013nitroglycerin can dilate the radial artery and reduce radial pain during trans-radial angioplasty","volume":"32","author":"Mikailimirak","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.21645","article-title":"Usefulness of subcutaneous nitrate for radial access","volume":"72","author":"Ouadhour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2010.03.009","article-title":"Impact of Length and Hydrophilic Coating of the Introducer Sheath on Radial Artery Spasm during Transradial Coronary Intervention","volume":"3","author":"Rathore","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20434","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of phentolamine to prevent radial artery spasm during cardiac catheterization procedures: A randomized study comparing phentolamine vs. verapamil","volume":"66","author":"Mora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10202","article-title":"Usefulness of hydrophilic coating on arterial sheath introducer in transradial coronary intervention","volume":"56","author":"Saito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659117727823","article-title":"Cutaneous analgesia before transradial access for coronary intervention to prevent radial artery spasm","volume":"33","author":"Vural","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000488852","article-title":"Comparison of Verapamil versus Heparin as Adjunctive Treatment for Transradial Coronary Procedures: The VERMUT Study","volume":"140","author":"Tebaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2015.07.006","article-title":"Effectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin before puncture compared with conventional intra-arterial nitroglycerin in transradial procedures: A randomized trial","volume":"16","author":"Turan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20812","article-title":"Prevention of arterial spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions through radial artery: The SPASM study","volume":"68","author":"Varenne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of Adding Papaverine for the Local Anesthesia of the Access Site in the Transradial Approach for Cardiac Catheterization","volume":"20","author":"Yazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"563","article-title":"A randomized trial of flow-mediated dilation to prevent radial artery spasm during transradial approach","volume":"70","author":"Zencirci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e971","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-00441","article-title":"Prediction of radial crossover in acute coronary syndromes: Derivation and validation of the MATRIX score","volume":"17","author":"Gragnano","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2023.11.021","article-title":"Distal Radial Access for Coronary Procedures in a Large Prospective Multicenter Registry","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Wu, Y., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Xu, R., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., and Guo, J. (2022). Early prevention of radial artery occlusion via distal transradial access for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1071575"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"e7201","article-title":"Distal Radial Artery Access: The Future of Cardiovascular Intervention","volume":"12","author":"Nairoukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.10.034","article-title":"Meta-Analysis Comparing Distal Radial Artery Approach versus Traditional for Coronary Procedures","volume":"164","author":"Prasad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7698583","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7698583","article-title":"Distal Radial Artery Access in comparison to Forearm Radial Artery Access for Cardiac Catheterization: A Randomized Controlled Trial (DARFORA Trial)","volume":"2022","author":"Daralammouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Interv. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-008-0658-5","article-title":"Hydrophilic-coated sheaths increase the success rate of transradial coronary procedures and reduce patient discomfort but do not reduce the occlusion rate: Randomized single-blind comparison of coated vs. non-coated sheaths","volume":"97","author":"Kindel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.03.004","article-title":"Transradial access for coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures: Consensus statement and recommendations for India Advancing Complex CoronariES Sciences through TransRADIAL intervention in India\u2014ACCESS RADIAL\u2122: Clinical consensus recommendations in collaboration with Cardiological Society of India","volume":"70","author":"Goel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v12.i1.26","article-title":"Radial artery access site complications during cardiac procedures, clinical implications and potential solutions: The role of nitric oxide","volume":"12","author":"Coghill","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28458","article-title":"Procedural and clinical performance of dual- versus single-catheter strategy for transradial coronary angiography: A meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"96","author":"Alushi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"219","article-title":"Balloon-Assisted Tracking Use Reduces Radial Artery Access Failure in an Experienced Radial Center and is Feasible during Primary PCI for STEMI","volume":"29","author":"Obaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2014.12.165","article-title":"Radial Artery Spasm and Perforation: Simple Solutions for Challenging Cases","volume":"24","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E215","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.24504","article-title":"Balloon-assisted tracking of a guide catheter through difficult radial anatomy: A technical report","volume":"81","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3109\/17482941.2015.1005104","article-title":"Balloon-assisted tracking during primary percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"17","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acute Card. Care"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2017.12.002","article-title":"Balloon-assisted tracking: A practical solution to avoid radial access failure due to difficult anatomical challenges","volume":"19","author":"Felekos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E588","DOI":"10.25270\/jic\/21.00427","article-title":"Mother-in-Child Assisted Tracking (MiCAT): A Mechanical Technique to Overcome Severe Radial Artery Spasm","volume":"34","author":"Scoccia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"221","article-title":"Brewing the right cocktail for radial intervention","volume":"62","author":"Vuurmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2013.08.009","article-title":"The effects of intra-arterial vasodilators on radial artery size and spasm: Implications for contemporary use of trans-radial access for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"14","author":"Boyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2015.08.008","article-title":"Intra-arterial vasodilators to prevent radial artery spasm: A systematic review and pooled analysis of clinical studies","volume":"16","author":"Kwok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"126","article-title":"Preventing spasm during transradial angiography: Sometimes less is more","volume":"24","author":"Asghar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2017.07.016","article-title":"The effect of pre-procedure sublingual nitroglycerin on radial artery diameter and Allen\u2019s test outcome\u2014Relevance to transradial catheterization","volume":"19","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.05.057","article-title":"Comparison of the Effect of Intra-Arterial versus Intravenous Heparin on Radial Artery Occlusion after Transradial Catheterization","volume":"104","author":"Pancholy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2010.07.013","article-title":"Transradial Approach for Coronary Angiography and Interventions","volume":"3","author":"Bertrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E807","DOI":"10.1532\/HSF98.20061070","article-title":"Topical Vasodilators for Preventing Radial Artery Spasm during Harvesting for Coronary Revascularization: Comparison of 4 Agents","volume":"9","author":"Nisanoglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Surg. Forum"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.04.019","article-title":"Topical nitroglycerin and lidocaine locally vasodilate the radial artery without affecting systemic blood pressure: A dose-finding phase I study","volume":"27","author":"Majure","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.09.032","article-title":"Prevention of Radial Artery Spasm with Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate Patches","volume":"16","author":"Economou","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20881","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of nitroglycerin to facilitate radial artery cannulation","volume":"68","author":"Pancholy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197231196036","article-title":"Does the Use of Ethyl Chloride Spray Facilitate Radial Angiography?","volume":"75","author":"Koca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2023.01.017","article-title":"Impact of Upper Arm Prolonged Occlusion on Radial Artery Diameter before Coronary Angiography in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"51","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-19-00207","article-title":"Radial artery dilatation to improve access and lower complications during coronary angiography: The RADIAL trial","volume":"16","author":"Doubell","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2017.0125","article-title":"Flow-mediated dilatation to relieve puncture-induced radial artery spasm: A pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Ying","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV16I16A233","article-title":"Pumping up best practices in radial artery access: Prolonged occlusion flow-mediated dilation improves radial artery access success","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2021.100831","article-title":"Does radial or median nerve blocks affect the area and blood flow of radial artery?","volume":"40","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-017-0945-6","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided radial nerve block to relieve cannulation-induced radial arterial spasm","volume":"64","author":"Bhakta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"e33068","article-title":"Brachial Plexus Block for Removal of Retained Radial Artery Sheath","volume":"14","author":"Kovacs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"8487056","article-title":"Surgery Averted Using a Novel, Minimally Invasive Approach to Treat Very Severe Radial Artery Spasm","volume":"2017","author":"Cochet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"53","article-title":"Managing patients\u2019 anxiety about planned medical interventions","volume":"31","author":"Price","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.24585","article-title":"Feasibility and utility of pre-procedure ultrasound imaging of the arm to facilitate transradial coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures (PRIMAFACIE-TRI)","volume":"82","author":"Chugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.06.007","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided versus palpation-guided radial artery catheterization in adult population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"204","author":"Pacha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28619","article-title":"Barriers to use of radial access for percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"96","author":"Riangwiwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2016.03.003","article-title":"Propofol to relieve radial artery spasm","volume":"68","author":"Raut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2015.02.008","article-title":"Administration of ViperSlide\u2122 for treating severe radial artery spasm: Case report and systematic review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Repanas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2018.05.001","article-title":"Administration of Rotaglide\u2122 solution for treating refractory severe radial artery spasm: A case report","volume":"19","author":"Raje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2010.020","article-title":"Resistant radial artery spasm during coronary angiography via radial approach responded to local warm compress","volume":"10","author":"Barcin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol. Dergisi Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23906","article-title":"The efficacy of nitroglycerin to prevent radial artery spasm and occlusion during and after transradial catheterization: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Abdelazeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003358","article-title":"The effect of topical medications on radial artery spasm in patients undergoing transradial coronary procedures: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Curtis","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst. Rev. Implement Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000035","DOI":"10.1161\/HCV.0000000000000035","article-title":"An Update on Radial Artery Access and Best Practices for Transradial Coronary Angiography and Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"11","author":"Mason","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28672","article-title":"SCAI expert consensus statement update on best practices for transradial angiography and intervention","volume":"95","author":"Shroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709173","article-title":"Radial Access for Neurovascular Procedures","volume":"37","author":"Satti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/17\/1897\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:44:42Z","timestamp":1760111082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/17\/1897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14171897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14171897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}