{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:18:46Z","timestamp":1778944726241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate T cells, causing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Skin manifestations are common among irAEs, but ICI-associated bullous pemphigoid (BP) is rare. Inhibiting programmed death (PD)-1 signaling, in addition to causing epitope spreading, may disrupt B and T cell balance, causing excessive autoantibody production against the skin\u2019s basement membrane, leading to BP. A 70-year-old woman developed late-onset multi-organ irAEs, including diarrhea, thyroid dysfunction, and BP, while receiving pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor. This highlights the long-term risk of irAEs, which can occur 2\u20133 years after starting ICIs. In cases of multi-organ irAE, C-reactive protein levels and neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio are often low. These characteristics were observed in our case. Few papers address multiple organ involvement, highlighting the need to consider irAEs in a multi-organ context. While it is known that drug-induced skin reactions worsen as blood eosinophil counts increase, in our case, the eosinophil count remained normal, suggesting that ICI-associated BP might have been controlled without discontinuing the ICI and through tapering of low-dose oral prednisone treatment. Additionally, in this case, significant CD4-positive T cell infiltration was observed in the immunostaining examination of the blisters, indicating that severe CD4-positive T cell infiltration induced by the ICI might have led to multi-organ involvement, including severe diarrhea. Few reports focus on blood eosinophil counts in BP cases or discuss CD4 and CD8 immunostaining in BP cases. Therefore, future research should explore the relationship between blood eosinophil counts, immunostaining results, and the prognosis of irAEs, including BP, in treatment courses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14171958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T09:57:47Z","timestamp":1725443867000},"page":"1958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Case of Bullous Pemphigoid with Significant Infiltration of CD4-Positive T Cells during Treatment with Pembrolizumab, Accompanied by Pembrolizumab-Induced Multi-Organ Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4832-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihito","family":"Mima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo 164-8541, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Ohtsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ippei","family":"Ebato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Norimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba 286-0124, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3266-5_23","article-title":"Therapeutic development of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"1248","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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