{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:11Z","timestamp":1760145911300,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gynecomastia is a common condition characterized by the benign enlargement of male breast tissue, often resulting from hormonal imbalances. A rare variant, unilateral pseudogynecomastia, involves enlargement due to adipose tissue accumulation without glandular proliferation and can be associated with occupational factors. Methods: We report the case of a 45-year-old male mechanic presenting with unilateral enlargement of the left breast. The patient reported daily microtrauma on his left axilla and chest wall. The clinical evaluation and imaging revealed lipomatosis with pronounced fibrous tissue and no glandular tissue involvement. The hormonal assays were within the normal limits. The patient underwent surgical excision of excess adipose tissue using the Kornstein technique, preserving the nipple\u2013areola complex. Results: The histopathological examination confirmed the absence of malignancy. The postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the follow-up examination at 12 months demonstrated a symmetrical breast appearance with no recurrence. This case underscores the importance of differentiating pseudogynecomastia from true gynecomastia and recognizing potential occupational risks. Surgical management using techniques that preserve the nipple\u2013areola complex can achieve excellent cosmetic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14182058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1726620703000},"page":"2058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Unique Case of Unilateral Pseudogynecomastia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6027-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismini","family":"Kountouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8122-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Katsarelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eftychia","family":"Kokkali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amyntas","family":"Giotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Gkogkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Chatzinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Nachopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afroditi","family":"Faseki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Panagiotou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Polychronidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miltiadis","family":"Chandolias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Gkiatas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Manolakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Dimasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Katerini, 60132 Pieria, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000494276","article-title":"Gynecomastia\u2014Conservative and Surgical Management","volume":"13","author":"Baumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2019.18297","article-title":"Is gynecomastia related to the disease characteristics and prognosis in testicular germ cell tumor patients?","volume":"25","author":"Polat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W28","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-6-200403160-00034-w3","article-title":"Unilateral pseudogynecomastia: A novel work-related disease","volume":"140","author":"Hanneken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-019-01617-8","article-title":"Surgical treatment of gynaecomastia: A standard of care in plastic surgery","volume":"43","author":"Mett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570696","article-title":"Inferior pedicle reduction technique for larger forms of gynecomastia","volume":"16","author":"Kornstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. 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Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/18\/2058\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:57:39Z","timestamp":1760111859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/18\/2058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14182058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14182058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]}}}