{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:29:57Z","timestamp":1777404597189,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) play very important roles in the field of biliary tract disease. Because of their excellent spatial resolution, the detection of small lesions and T- or N-staging of tumors have become possible. Additionally, contrast-enhanced EUS and the new imaging technique of detective flow imaging are reported to be useful for differential diagnosis. Furthermore, EUS-guided tissue acquisition is used not only for pathological diagnosis but also to collect tissue samples for cancer genome profiling. This review provides an overview of diagnosis utilizing the features and techniques of EUS and IDUS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14182086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T10:49:48Z","timestamp":1726829388000},"page":"2086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endoscopic Ultrasound and Intraductal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Biliary Tract Diseases: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1812-2726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiya","family":"Nakahata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasunobu","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6885-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Kitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.013","article-title":"Global trends in mortality from intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Bertuccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00153-7","article-title":"Biliary tract cancer","volume":"397","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2022.04.007","article-title":"Worldwide Incidence and Mortality of Biliary Tract Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Baria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592329","article-title":"Choledocholithiasis: Evaluation, Treatment, and Outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Molvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09744-3","article-title":"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography versus endoscopic ultrasound for diagnosis of choledocholithiasis: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Afzalpurkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14193","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound versus magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of computed tomography-negative common bile duct stone: Prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0108-9","article-title":"Endoscopic transpapillary intraductal ultrasonography and biopsy in the diagnosis of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"44","author":"Naitoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12894","article-title":"Comparison of intraductal ultrasonography findings between primary sclerosing cholangitis and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"30","author":"Naitoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl210116","article-title":"Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"16","author":"Naitoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-020-01030-w","article-title":"Role of endoscopic ultrasound for gallbladder disease","volume":"48","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1870-0","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2021.2011210","article-title":"Grayscale ultrasonography findings for characterization of gallbladder wall thickening in non-acute setting: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1994.13.3.189","article-title":"New technique using intraductal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of bile duct cancer","volume":"13","author":"Kuroiwa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750024579","article-title":"Preoperative diagnosis of bile duct strictures--comparison of intraductal ultrasonography with conventional endosonography","volume":"35","author":"Menzel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08637-1","article-title":"Utility of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography for T-staging of patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer","volume":"36","author":"Otsuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521003690269","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS with novel ultrasonographic contrast (Sonazoid) in the preoperative T-staging for pancreaticobiliary malignancies","volume":"45","author":"Imazu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06804.x","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of the longitudinal extent of borderline resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma by intraductal ultrasonography","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05944.x","article-title":"Intraductal ultrasonography combined with percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy for the preoperative evaluation of longitudinal tumor extent in hilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugimoto, M., Irie, H., Takasumi, M., Hashimoto, M., Oka, Y., Takagi, T., Suzuki, R., Konno, N., Asama, H., and Sato, Y. (2021). A simple method for diagnosing gallbladder malignant tumors with subserosa invasion by endoscopic ultrasonography. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08017-x"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.4321\/S1130-01082011000900005","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic impact of endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with intermediate suspicion of choledocholithiasis and absence of findings in magnetic resonance cholangiography","volume":"103","author":"Milicua","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e12162","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Endoscopic Ultrasonography Versus the Gold Standard Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Detecting Common Bile Duct Stones","volume":"12","author":"Anwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10495","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i30.10495","article-title":"Comparative analysis of ERCP, IDUS, EUS and CT in predicting malignant bile duct strictures","volume":"20","author":"Heinzow","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4103\/EUS-D-21-00185","article-title":"Utility of contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS for diagnosis of portal vein invasion by pancreatic cancer","volume":"11","author":"Nakai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(98)70012-4","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography in gallbladder diseases","volume":"48","author":"Hirooka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"955","article-title":"Novel endoscopic ultrasonography imaging technique for visualizing microcirculation without contrast enhancement in subepithelial lesions: Prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Yamashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.09.024","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of EUS-guided FNA for malignant biliary stricture: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.193597","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus endoscopic ultrasound for tissue diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Moura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14528","article-title":"Same-session endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-based tissue sampling in suspected malignant biliary obstruction: A multicenter experience","volume":"34","author":"Jo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e30291","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine-Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-Based Brush Cytology for Tissue Diagnosis in Malignant Biliary Obstruction","volume":"14","author":"Mathew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-023-01374-4","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition of gallbladder lesions: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Giri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21306","article-title":"Cytologic features and diagnostic pitfalls of primary ampullary tumors by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy","volume":"105","author":"Defrain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-946654","article-title":"State of the art lecture: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and FNA in pancreatico-biliary tumors","volume":"38","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.7178\/eus.02.006","article-title":"Can endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration offer clinical benefit for tumors of the ampulla of vater? -an initial study","volume":"1","author":"Ogura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00022","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000022","article-title":"A Novel Approach for the Genetic Analysis of Biliary Tract Cancer Specimens Obtained Through Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Using Targeted Amplicon Sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Hirata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12576","article-title":"Success rate of microsatellite instability examination and complete response with pembrolizumab in biliary tract cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kai","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2023.139","article-title":"Clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition for comprehensive genomic profiling of patients with biliary tract cancer, especially with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Yanaidani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Gan, S.I., Rajan, E., Adler, D.G., Baron, T.H., Anderson, M.A., Cash, B.D., Davila, R.E., Dominitz, J.A., and Harrison, M.E. (2007). Role of EUS. Gastrointest. Endosc., 66, 425\u2013434.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.05.026"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4103\/2303-9027.191607","article-title":"The role of intraductal ultrasonography in pancreatobiliary diseases","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.12.004","article-title":"EUS contrast agents: What is available, how do they work, and are they effective?","volume":"69","author":"Sanchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2005.04.038","article-title":"A respiration-metabolism chamber system and a GC-MS method developed for studying exhalation of perfluorobutane in rats after intravenous injection of the ultrasound contrast agent Sonazoid","volume":"39","author":"Uran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(92)70385-X","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography with guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in pancreatic disease","volume":"38","author":"Vilmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315154","article-title":"EUS-guided fine needle biopsy of pancreatic masses can yield true histology","volume":"67","author":"Bang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of 22-gauge standard and Franseen needles in EUS-guided tissue acquisition for diagnosing solid pancreatic lesions: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Itonaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14540","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound tissue acquisition methods for genomic analysis of pancreatic cancer","volume":"34","author":"Elhanafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.01.053","article-title":"Feasibility and yield of a new EUS histology needle: Results from a multicenter, pooled, cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Poley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06747.x","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic malignancy in relation to the size of lesions","volume":"26","author":"Uehara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(97)70237-2","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography for diagnosing choledocholithiasis: A prospective comparative study with ultrasonography and computed tomography","volume":"45","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.190.3.8115622","article-title":"Pancreatic tumors: Evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging","volume":"190","author":"Meyenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.09.018","article-title":"Utility of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography for diagnosis of small pancreatic carcinomas","volume":"34","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000816","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pancreatic Cancer 2016 From the Japan Pancreas Society: A Synopsis","volume":"46","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5516-y","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of endoscopic ultrasound for detection of pancreatic malignancy following an indeterminate multidetector CT scan: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Krishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.07.007","article-title":"Detection of common bile duct stones: Comparison between endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and helical-computed-tomographic cholangiography","volume":"54","author":"Kondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"129","article-title":"Intraductal ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in diagnosis of extrahepatic bile duct stones: A comparative study","volume":"3","author":"Linghu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2003.185","article-title":"Clinical utility of intraductal US for evaluation of choledocholithiasis","volume":"57","author":"Catanzaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/13651820802014585","article-title":"Is preoperative histological diagnosis necessary before referral to major surgery for cholangiocarcinoma?","volume":"10","author":"Buc","year":"2008","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.11.021","article-title":"Development of mild drug-induced sclerosing cholangitis after discontinuation of nivolumab","volume":"107","author":"Mizuno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.1981-18","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Chemotherapy Following Anti-PD-1 Antibody Therapy for Gastric Cancer: A Case of Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"58","author":"Kono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30189","article-title":"Antiprogrammed Cell Death-1 Immunotherapy-Related Secondary Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"69","author":"Ogawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13329","article-title":"Secondary sclerosing cholangitis with hemobilia induced by pembrolizumab: Case report and review of published work","volume":"49","author":"Koya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2011.00298.x","article-title":"Trans-peritoneal fine needle aspiration biopsy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is associated with disease dissemination","volume":"13","author":"Heimbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"678","article-title":"The use of radial endosonography findings in the prediction of cholangiocarcinoma in cases with distal bile duct obstructions","volume":"60","author":"Alper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i6.874","article-title":"Intraductal ultrasound substantiates diagnostics of bile duct strictures of uncertain etiology","volume":"19","author":"Meister","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1893","article-title":"Evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the diagnosis of cancer of the extrahepatic bile duct","volume":"32","author":"Mukai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1863","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in assessment of spread from extrahepatic bile duct cancer","volume":"34","author":"Arimura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1005760","article-title":"Assessment of portal vein invasion by bile duct cancer using intraductal ultrasonography","volume":"27","author":"Tamada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2023.03.013","article-title":"Prognostic impact of proximal ductal margin status in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma according to the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis","volume":"174","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31077","article-title":"Endoscopic Ultrasound\/Fine Needle Aspiration Is Effective for Lymph Node Staging in Patients With Cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Malikowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i12.3381","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography for assessment of lymph node metastases in pancreatobiliary carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Miyata","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1443-1661.1995.tb00387.x","article-title":"Analysis of the layer structure of the gallbladder wall delineated by endoscopic ultrasound using the pinning method","volume":"7","author":"Fujita","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.135.3.7384460","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evidence of gallbladder wall thickening in association with hypoalbuminemia","volume":"135","author":"Fiske","year":"1980","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920601)69:11<2647::AID-CNCR2820691105>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Relationship between gallbladder carcinoma and the segmental type of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder","volume":"69","author":"Ootani","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(00)00526-2","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder by endoscopic ultrasonography","volume":"181","author":"Azuma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2361","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography does not differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic small gallbladder polyps","volume":"15","author":"Cheon","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4742-y","article-title":"Management and follow-up of gallbladder polyps: Joint guidelines between the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR), European Association for Endoscopic Surgery and other Interventional Techniques (EAES), International Society of Digestive Surgery\u2009-\u2009European Federation (EFISDS) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE)","volume":"27","author":"Wiles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"673","article-title":"P\u00f3lipos y adenomas de la ves\u00edcula biliar: Consideraciones cl\u00ednico-patol\u00f3gicas [Clinicopathological features of gallbladder polyps and adenomas]","volume":"132","author":"Roa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185117725367","article-title":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: Prediction of the tumor grade using CT findings and computerized texture analysis","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2000.108041","article-title":"A new strategy to predict the neoplastic polyps of the gallbladder based on a scoring system using EUS","volume":"52","author":"Choi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.03.1328","article-title":"Utility of contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS in the diagnosis of malignant gallbladder polyps (with videos)","volume":"78","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashita, Y., Ashida, R., Tamura, T., Shimokawa, T., Yamazaki, H., Kawaji, Y., Tamura, T., Hatamaru, K., Itonaga, M., and Kitano, M. (2023). Novel Technique of Endoscopic Ultrasonography for the Differential Diagnosis of Gallbladder Lesions and Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms: A Single-Center Prospective Study. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13132132"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07138-4","article-title":"Brush Cytology, Forceps Biopsy, or Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Sampling for Diagnosis of Bile Duct Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, T., Ashida, R., and Kitano, M. (2022). The usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of gallbladder lesions. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.957557"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14576","article-title":"Diagnostic performance and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration\/biopsy for gallbladder lesions","volume":"36","author":"Kuraishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-016-0742-9","article-title":"The role of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases","volume":"44","author":"Chantarojanasiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makar, M., Zhao, E., and Tyberg, A. (2021). Personalized Approach to the Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Management of Pancreaticobiliary Malignancies. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030180"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31822238d8","article-title":"Accurate staging for gallbladder cancer: Implications for surgical therapy and pathological assessment","volume":"254","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(90)71164-9","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosis of the extent of gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"36","author":"Mitake","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010635","article-title":"Value of endoscopic ultrasonography in the detection of anomalous connections of the pancreatobiliary duct","volume":"23","author":"Mitake","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(97)70268-2","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonography for diagnosing anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction","volume":"45","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2003.03142.x","article-title":"Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in diseases of the extrahepatic biliary system","volume":"19","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v3.i1.1","article-title":"Endoscopic diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary maljunction","volume":"3","author":"Kamisawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.02.001","article-title":"Postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH): An International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) definition","volume":"142","author":"Wente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14233","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for endoscopic papillectomy","volume":"34","author":"Itoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Endosc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2067785","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound and intraductal ultrasonography for assessment of ampullary tumors: A meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/18\/2086\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:04Z","timestamp":1760112064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/18\/2086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14182086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14182086","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]}}}