{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:04:35Z","timestamp":1790762675748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Introduction: Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are one of the most common causes of disease in the world. Clinical diagnosis of most parasitic diseases is difficult because they do not produce characteristic symptoms. (2) Methods: The PubMed, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library medical databases were reviewed using the following phrases: \u201cparasitic infections and diagnostics\u201d, \u201cintestinal parasites\u201d, \u201cgastrointestinal parasites\u201d, \u201cparasitic infections and diagnostics\u201d, and their combinations. (3) Results and Conclusions: Correct diagnosis of GIP involves determining the presence of a parasite and establishing a relationship between parasite invasion and disease symptoms. The diagnostic process should consider the possibility of the coexistence of infection with several parasites at the same time. In such a situation, diagnostics should be planned with consideration of their frequency in each population and the local epidemiological situation. The importance of the proper interpretation of laboratory test results, based on good knowledge of the biology of the parasite, should be emphasized. The presence of the parasite may not be causally related to the disease symptoms. Due to wide access to laboratories, patients often decide to perform tests themselves without clinical justification. Research is carried out using various methods which are often unreliable. This review briefly covers current laboratory methods for diagnosing the most common gastrointestinal parasitic diseases in Europe. In particular, we provide useful information on the following aspects: (i) what to look for and where to look for it (suitability of feces, blood, duodenal contents, material taken from endoscopy or biopsy, tissue samples, and locations for searching for eggs, cysts, parasites, parasite genetic material, and characteristics of immune responses indicating parasitic infections); (ii) when material should be collected for diagnosis and\/or to check the effectiveness of treatment; (iii) how\u2014that is, by what methods\u2014laboratory diagnostics should be carried out. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect methods of detecting parasites will be discussed. False-positive or false-negative results are a problem facing many tests. Available tests have different sensitivities and specificities. Therefore, especially in doubtful situations, tests for the presence of the pathogen should be performed using various available methods. It is important that the methods used make it possible to distinguish an active infection from a past infection. Finally, we present laboratory \u201ccase reports\u201d, in which we will discuss the diagnostic procedure that allows for the successful identification of parasites. Additionally, we briefly present the possibilities of using artificial intelligence to improve the effectiveness of diagnosing parasitic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1727408653000},"page":"2148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"D\u0105browska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Groblewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Association, Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4900-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bendykowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunis Student Scientific Association, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, ul. Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksymilian","family":"Sikorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunis Student Scientific Association, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, ul. Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Gromadzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, ul. W\u00f3ycickiego 1\/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1622","article-title":"Intestinal Parasitic Infections in 2023","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-200301000-00005","article-title":"Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"19","author":"Harp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992011000300003","article-title":"Molecular techniques for the study and diagnosis of parasite infection","volume":"17","author":"Tavares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Eckert, J., Gemmell, M.A., Meslin, F.-X., and Paw\u0142owski, Z.S. (2001). WHO\/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: A Public Health Problem of Global Concern, World Organisation for Animal Health."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2001.115683","article-title":"Transmission of gastrointestinal diseases: Hygiene as the final barrier","volume":"29","author":"Payment","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2024, August 23). WHO, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections Fact Sheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1139\/z67-135","article-title":"The life cycle of Trichinella spiralis: I. The intestinal phase of development","volume":"45","author":"Shanta","year":"1967","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"52","article-title":"Common intestinal helminths","volume":"15","author":"Juckett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00269-3","article-title":"Control of echinococcosis and cysticercosis: A public health challenge to international cooperation in China","volume":"86","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.014","article-title":"Emergence\/re-emergence of Echinococcus spp.\u2014A global update","volume":"35","author":"Jenkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.028","article-title":"The present situation of echinococcosis in Europe","volume":"55","author":"Romig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-017-0904-8","article-title":"An overview of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract in developed countries affecting immunocompromised individuals","volume":"41","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Common intestinal parasites","volume":"69","author":"Kucik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Safadi, D., Cian, A., Nourrisson, C., Pereira, B., Morelle, C., Bastien, P., Bellanger, A.-P., Botterel, F., Candolfi, E., and Desoubeaux, G. (2016). Prevalence, risk factors for infection and subtype distribution of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis sp. from a large-scale multi-center study in France. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1776-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantzanou, M., Karalexi, M.A., Vrioni, G., and Tsakris, A. (2021). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among children in Europe over the last five years. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030160"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024). Trichinellosis. ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2024). Echinococcosis. ECDC. Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022, ECDC."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2280-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of taeniosis\/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe","volume":"10","author":"Devleesschauwer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"310","article-title":"Parasitic infections among patients hospitalized in the Tropical and Parasitic Clinic of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland between 2015 and 2018. Is there a relationship between protozoa infection and gastrointestinal symptoms?","volume":"17","author":"Pielok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01310-9","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections and its trends: A 5-year findings from a tertiary care centre, Puducherry, South India","volume":"45","author":"Ulaganeethi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9748-0_2","article-title":"Cryptosporidium Diagnostic Assays: Molecular Detection","volume":"2052","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0171-3","article-title":"Whipworm and roundworm infections","volume":"6","author":"Else","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2604-8","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm co-infection: Spatial distribution and determinants in Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia","volume":"11","author":"Forrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Easton, A.V., Raciny-Aleman, M., Liu, V., Ruan, E., Marier, C., Heguy, A., Yasnot, M.F., Rodriguez, A., and Loke, P. (2020). Immune Response and Microbiota Profiles during Coinfection with Plasmodium vivax and Soil-Transmitted Helminths. mBio, 20.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.30.925032"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"41","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium in stool samples of immunocompromised patients","volume":"7","author":"Vanathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057114548065","article-title":"Diagnosis of parasitic infections: What\u2019s going on?","volume":"20","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.33218\/prnano3(1).191205.1","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: From established diagnostic assays to emerging micro\/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology","volume":"3","author":"Nigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prec. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"399","article-title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Young Quichua Children in the Highlands of Rural Ecuador","volume":"25","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nurt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.014","article-title":"Diagnosis of intestinal parasites in a rural community of Venezuela: Advantages and disadvantages of using microscopy or RT-PCR","volume":"167","author":"Incani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0074-5_64","article-title":"Advancements in Parasite Diagnosis and Challenges in the Management of Parasitic Infections: A Mini Review","volume":"Volume 22","author":"Richard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerez Puebla, L.E., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Fern\u00e1ndez, F.A., Fraga Nodarse, J., Atencio Mill\u00e1n, I., Cruz Rodr\u00edguez, I., Mart\u00ednez Silva, I., Ayll\u00f3n Vald\u00e9s, L., and Robertson, L.J. (2020). Diagnosis of intestinal protozoan infections in patients in Cuba by microscopy and molecular methods: Advantages and disadvantages. J. Microbiol. Methods, 179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.106102"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Garcia, L.S., Arrowood, M., Kokoskin, E., Paltridge, G.P., Pillai, D.R., Procop, G.W., Ryan, N., Shimizu, R.Y., and Visvesvara, G. (2017). Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasites from the Gastrointestinal Tract. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 15."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.01.010","article-title":"Evaluation of formalin-ether sedimentation and trichrome staining techniques: Its effectiveness in detecting Entamoeba histolytica\/dispar\/moshkovskii in stool samples","volume":"92","author":"Anuar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngui, R., Ishak, S., Chuen, C.S., Mahmud, R., and Lim, Y.A. (2011). Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitism in rural and remote West Malaysia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000974"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.016","article-title":"Combined stool-based multiplex PCR and microscopy for enhanced pathogen detection in patients with persistent diarrhoea and asymptomatic controls from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.03.012","article-title":"The influence of biological rhythms on host-parasite interactions","volume":"30","author":"Helm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"341","article-title":"Standards in the range of laboratory activities in medical parasitology, estimation of their quality and diagnostics value, as well as interpretation and authorization of the tests results (proposals)","volume":"47","author":"Myjak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Lab."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1991). Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology, WHO."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672018","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/672018","article-title":"Identification and preservation of intestinal parasites using methylene blue-glycerol mount: A new approach to stool microscopy","volume":"2014","author":"Khanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.5.1082-1084.1990","article-title":"Evaluation of direct wet mount parasitological examination of preserved fecal specimens","volume":"28","author":"Neimeister","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3615","article-title":"Evaluation of Iodine-Glycerol for Wet-Mount Preparation of Feces for Detection of Intestinal Parasites","volume":"4","author":"Afroza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2024, August 23). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Stool Specimens\u2013Specimen Processing, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dpdx\/diagnosticprocedures\/stool\/specimenproc.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.7.6.524-528.1978","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of a modified zinc sulfate flotation technique","volume":"7","author":"Bartlett","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, WHO."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2024, August 23). University of Saskatchewan: Quantitative Faecal Flotation-McMaster Egg Counting Technique-quantitative-faecal-flotation-mcmaster.php. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https:\/\/wcvm.usask.ca\/learnaboutparasites\/diagnostics\/quantita-tive-faecal-flotation-mcmaster.php&ved=2ahUKEwiJ8Ja4yOCIAxXravEDHRm8OSQQFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3dNZTuIPgQAqtJD7nYVkDI."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levecke, B., Behnke, J.M., Ajjampur, S.S., Albonico, M., Ame, S.M., Charlier, J., Geiger, S.M., Hoa, N.T., Kamwa Ngassam, R.I., and Kotze, A.C. (2011). A comparison of the sensitivity and fecal egg counts of the McMaster egg counting and Kato-Katz thick smear methods for soil-transmitted helminths. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001201"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.11.3849-3855.1995","article-title":"Development of a PCR protocol for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.067","article-title":"Laura Rinaldi the Mini-FLOTAC technique for the diagnosis of helminth and protozoan infections in humans and animals","volume":"12","author":"Cringoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barda, B.D., Rinaldi, L., Ianniello, D., Zepherine, H., Salvo, F., Sadutshang, T., Cringoli, G., Clementi, M., and Albonico, M. (2013). Mini-FLOTAC, an Innovative Direct Diagnostic Technique for Intestinal Parasitic Infections: Experience from the Field. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002344"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"8","article-title":"Quality control in the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides using the Kato-Katz technique: Experience from three randomised controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Speich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2408.180184","article-title":"Capillaria Ova and Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura Infection in Humans by Kato-Katz Smear, Liberia","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.706","article-title":"Evaluation of the Kato-Katz thick smear and formol ether sedimentation techniques for quantitative diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"57","author":"Ebrahim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0726","article-title":"A Novel, Multi-Parallel, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Approach for Eight Gastrointestinal Parasites Provides Improved Diagnostic Capabilities to Resource-Limited At-Risk Populations","volume":"88","author":"Mejia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menezes, D.L., Santos, C.T.d.J., Oliveira, Y.L.D.C., Campos, V.T.C., Negr\u00e3o-Corr\u00eaa, D.A., Geiger, S.M., Silva, J.R.S., Jain, S., Oliveira, L.M., and Fujiwara, R.T. (2023). Accuracy Study of Kato-Katz and Helmintex Methods for Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Mansoni in a Moderate Endemicity Area in Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030527"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.3.573-574.1982","article-title":"Rapid trichrome stain","volume":"16","author":"Flournoy","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.1.267-268.1994","article-title":"Morphological diversity of Blastocystis hominis in sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-preserved stool samples stained with iron hematoxylin","volume":"32","author":"MacPherson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000200003","article-title":"Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with HIV\/AIDS by using a simplified iron hematoxylin technique","volume":"45","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.A.A., Quattrocchi, A., Elzagawy, S.M., Karanis, P., and Gad, S.E.M. (2023). Diagnostic Performance of Toluidine Blue Stain for Direct Wet Mount Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts: Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison to the Modified Ziehl\u2013Neelsen Stain. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152557"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"332","article-title":"Application of Ziehl Neelsen Staining Method for Taenia spp. Eggs Differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Machrumnizar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00004-07","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species","volume":"20","author":"Fotedar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1592-1598.2000","article-title":"Comparison of polyvinyl alcohol fixative with three less hazardous fixatives for detection and identification of intestinal parasites","volume":"38","author":"Jensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.9.3.524","article-title":"Diagnosis of parasitic disease","volume":"9","author":"Ambrosio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X22000888","article-title":"Seroprevalence and microscopy detection rates of strongyloidiasis in Croatian patients with eosinophilia","volume":"97","author":"Sviben","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.09.006","article-title":"Serology for Toxoplasma in Immunocompromised Patients: Still. Useful?","volume":"37","author":"Dupont","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000482","article-title":"Recent developments in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Fasciola infection","volume":"31","author":"Webb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"278246","article-title":"Diagnosis of parasitic diseases: Old and new approaches","volume":"30","author":"Ndao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razakandrainibe, R., M\u00e9rat, C., Kapel, N., Sautour, M., Guyot, K., Gargala, G., Ballet, J.J., Le Pape, P., French Cryptosporidiosis Network, and Dalle, F. (2021). Multicenter Evaluation of an ELISA for the Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Antigen. in Clinical Human. Stool Samples. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020209"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"OE05","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of Human Fascioliasis: An Update of Concepts and Performances of the Serological Assays","volume":"11","author":"Sarkari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-017-0548-z","article-title":"Tests de diagnostic rapide pour le s\u00e9rodiagnostic de l\u2019\u00e9chinococcose kystique humaine [Rapid diagnostic tests for the serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis]","volume":"110","author":"Tamarozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00840-z","article-title":"Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis","volume":"69","author":"Erganis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.156","article-title":"MM3-ELISA detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in preserved human stool samples","volume":"81","author":"Ubeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.3.8.1117","article-title":"Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis","volume":"3","author":"Kociecka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.5.810-812.2000","article-title":"Serological evaluation of thin-layer immunoassay-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody detection in human trichinellosis","volume":"7","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"793","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a Western blot kit for diagnosis of human trichinellosis","volume":"10","author":"Yera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1569","article-title":"Bead-Based Assay for the Detection of Antibodies against Trichinella spp. Infection in Humans","volume":"104","author":"Kahsay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"409","article-title":"Reliable serodiagnosis of imported cystic echinococcosis with a commercial indirect hemagglutination assay","volume":"4","author":"Hofwegen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.10.001","article-title":"Human cystic echinococcosis: Serological diagnosis by indirect hemagglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunoblotting in surgically confirmed patients versus cases diagnosed by imaging techniques","volume":"50","author":"Zait","year":"2020","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Et Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.10.2.128-133.1979","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica: Efficacy of microscopic, cultural, and serological techniques for laboratory diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Sheehan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00539.x","article-title":"The immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis used in a non-endemic area","volume":"5","author":"Tarp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Requena-M\u00e9ndez, A., Chiodini, P., Bisoffi, Z., Buonfrate, D., Gotuzzo, E., and Mu\u00f1oz, J. (2013). The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002002"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1977.26.1159","article-title":"Evaluation of the indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests for the serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0111","article-title":"Identification of a Western blot pattern for the specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in human sera","volume":"86","author":"Riera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3368-5","article-title":"An immunoblot for detection of Taenia saginata cysticercosis","volume":"112","author":"Abuseir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.03.009","article-title":"Immunoparasitological evaluation of Trichinella spiralis infection during human pregnancy: A small case series","volume":"102","author":"Costantino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.3.5.575-577.1996","article-title":"Investigation of immunofluorescence cross-reactions against Trichinella spiralis by western blot (immunoblot) analysis","volume":"3","author":"Robert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)E0024-H","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of human trichinellosis and identification of specific antigen for Trichinella spiralis","volume":"25","author":"Mahannop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.1.122-124.1995","article-title":"Investigation of cross-reactions against Trichinella spiralis antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay in patients with various diseases","volume":"2","author":"Alcantara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"95","article-title":"Recognition of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae antigens by sera from human infected with this parasite and its potential use in diagnosis","volume":"34","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malon, R.S., Sadir, S., Balakrishnan, M., and C\u00f3rcoles, E.P. (2014). Saliva-based biosensors: Noninvasive monitoring tool for clinical diagnostics. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/962903"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2021.1890874","article-title":"Saliva cell type DNA methylation reference panel for epidemiological studies in children","volume":"17","author":"Middleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melo Costa, M., Benoit, N., Dormoi, J., Amalvict, R., Gomez, N., Tissot-Dupont, H., Million, M., Pradines, B., Granjeaud, S., and Almeras, L. (2021). Salivette, a relevant saliva sampling device for SARS-CoV-2 detection. J. Oral. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2021.1920226"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90306-5","article-title":"Potential for diagnosis of intestinal nematode infections through antibody detection in saliva","volume":"90","author":"Needham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojkovic, M., Rosenberger, K., Kauczor, H.U., Junghanss, T., and Hosch, W. (2012). Diagnosing and Staging of Cystic Echinococcosis: How Do CT and MRI Perform in Comparison to Ultrasound?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001880"},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024, August 23). Clinical Testing Guidance for Cysticercosis-index.html, Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cysticercosis\/hcp\/diagnosis-testing\/index.html&ved=2ahUKEwit2fflyOCIAxUAXvEDHSddCNcQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1HijAp8gGy8jrX8Pmf04EB."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200310000-00007","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and control of Taenia solium cysticercosis","volume":"16","author":"Garcia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2013-0021","article-title":"An incidental case of biliary fascioliasis with subtle clinical findings: US and MRCP findings","volume":"47","author":"Onder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00053-3","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the differential diagnosis of the liver cystic echinococcosis","volume":"67","author":"Stefaniak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"663","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of cysticercosis in soft tissue swellings","volume":"33","author":"Verma","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meningher, T., Boleslavsky, D., Barshack, I., Tabibian-Keissar, H., Kohen, R., Gur-Wahnon, D., Ben-Dov, I.Z., Sidi, Y., Avni, D., and Schwartz, E. (2019). Giardia lamblia miRNAs as a new diagnostic tool for human giardiasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007398"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022513405603","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of duodenal aspirate for G. lamblia and comparison to duodenal mucosal biopsies","volume":"48","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4581-4584.2002","article-title":"Importance of sample preparation for molecular diagnosis of lyme borreliosis from urine","volume":"40","author":"Bergmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"194","article-title":"Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: A review","volume":"28","author":"Tengku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0905.020548","article-title":"Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in children, Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"292","article-title":"Entamoeba moshkovskii and Entamoeba dispar-associated infections in Pondicherry, India","volume":"23","author":"Parija","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2010.e39","article-title":"Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of the hepatic lesions experimentally induced by Entamoeba dispar","volume":"54","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.149887","article-title":"Entamoeba dispar: Could it be pathogenic?","volume":"5","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.02.009","article-title":"Intestinal amebae","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0022","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Entamoeba spp. versus microscopy in the Great Cairo","volume":"62","author":"Roshdy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasit."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2017\/37086","article-title":"Molecular Diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii: An Update Review","volume":"21","author":"Shnawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Res. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01986-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01986-20","article-title":"A real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of four common Entamoeba species that infect humans","volume":"59","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-69","article-title":"LUMINEX\u00ae:a new technology for the simultaneous identification of five Entamoeba spp. commonly found in human stools","volume":"6","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadkar, V.J., Goldfarb, D.M., Gantt, S., and Tilley, P.A.G. (2018). Real-time Detection and Monitoring of Loop Mediated Amplification (LAMP) Reaction Using Self-quenching and De-quenching Fluorogenic Probes. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23930-1"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-012-1154-7","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of Entamoeba histolytica in amoebic liver abscess","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Guaraldo, A., de Andrade, G., Magalh\u00e3es, K., Almeida, R., de Oliveira, J., da Silva, C., de Lima, S., Alvarenga, C., and de Ara\u00fajo, M.S. (2014). An overview of molecular methods for the diagnosis of parasitic infections. J. Parasitol. Res., 813971."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.04.016","article-title":"The taxonomy, phylogeny and transmission of Echinococcus","volume":"119","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008005453","article-title":"A novel phylogeny for the genus Echinococcus, based on nuclear data, challenges relationships based on mitochondrial evidence","volume":"136","author":"Saarma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of Echinococcus granulosus: A review","volume":"128","author":"David","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Allen, T.H. (1997). Human Cysticercosis. Parasitic Diseases: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches, Springer."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"20499361231171478","article-title":"Liver cystic echinococcosis: A parasitic review","volume":"10","author":"Govindasamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"72","article-title":"Echinococcosis in China: A review of its prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"120","author":"Willingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1867","article-title":"Immunological and Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Cestodes and Metacestodes: Review","volume":"33","author":"Kemal","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W","article-title":"Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing","volume":"54","author":"Bowles","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90065-7","article-title":"NADH dehydrogenase 1 gene sequences compared for species and strains of the genus Echinococcus","volume":"23","author":"Bowles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001934","article-title":"A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes","volume":"134","author":"Nakao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"24","article-title":"Serodiagnostic techniques for cystic echinococcosis: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Sokolow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.03.005","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in humans from central Poland","volume":"62","author":"Dybicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dybicz, M., Borkowski, P.K., D\u0105browska, J., and Chomicz, L. (2015). Cases of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto Isolated from Polish Patients: Imported or Indigenous?. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/728321"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dybicz, M., Borkowski, P.K., Jonas, M., Wasiak, D., and Ma\u0142kowski, P. (2019). First Report of Echinococcus ortleppi in Human Cases of Cystic Echinococcosis in Poland. Biomed. Res. Int., 8.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2474839"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.01.011","article-title":"State-of-the-art Echinococcus and Taenia: Phylogenetic taxonomy of human-pathogenic tapeworms and its application to molecular diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Nakao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000544","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Echinococcus isolates from various intermediate hosts in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China","volume":"146","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-04625-w","article-title":"Validation of a one-step PCR assay for the molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto G1-G3 genotype","volume":"46","author":"Santucciu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.tp_32_22","article-title":"Climate adaptation impacting parasitic infection","volume":"12","author":"Parija","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.tp_12_23","article-title":"Deep tech innovation for parasite diagnosis: New dimensions and opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Parija","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.017","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: Global trends","volume":"182","author":"Torgerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00141-7","article-title":"Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases","volume":"30","author":"Patz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloom, D.E., and Cadarette, D. (2019). Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hotez, P.J., Molyneux, D.H., Fenwick, A., Ottesen, E., Ehrlich Sachs, S., and Sachs, J.D. (2007). Neglected Tropical Diseases: The New Paradigm for Global Health. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000118"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, R.S., Hesham, A.E., and Zou, Q. (2022). Machine Learning and Its Applications for Protozoal Pathogens and Protozoal Infectious Diseases. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.882995"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02053-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02053-19","article-title":"Detection of Intestinal Protozoa in Trichrome-Stained Stool Specimens by Use of a Deep Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"58","author":"Mathison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5682288","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5682288","article-title":"Automatic Detection of Small Intestinal Hookworms in Capsule Endoscopy Images Based on a Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"2021","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1065","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1065","article-title":"Automatic recognition of parasitic products in stool examination using object detection approach","volume":"8","author":"Naing","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Arif, T., Ahamad, G., Chaudhary, A.A., Khan, S., and Ali, M.A.M. (2023). An Efficient and Effective Framework for Intestinal Parasite Egg Detection Using YOLOv5. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182978"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15691","article-title":"Automatic Classification of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis Using Ultrasound Images and Deep Learning","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05640-w","article-title":"Implementing deep learning models for the classification of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in human liver tissue","volume":"16","author":"Sulyok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36017-x","article-title":"Smartphone-based platforms implementing microfluidic detection with image-based artificial intelligence","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/19\/2148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:04:37Z","timestamp":1760112277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/19\/2148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14192148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14192148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}