{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:30:31Z","timestamp":1790793031338,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ocular and periocular tattoos, involving ink application to the eyeball or surrounding skin, have gained popularity as forms of self-expression. However, this trend raises significant concerns about potential complications that can adversely affect ocular health and esthetics. Awareness of these risks is crucial for both patients and practitioners. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies discussing complications related to ocular and periocular tattooing. Relevant studies were identified through the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Ovid databases. The reviewed papers were evaluated based on study design, including blinding, sample size, control use, randomization, and objective endpoints, and classified according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine evidence hierarchy. Results: The review identified a wide range of complications, including immediate issues like bleeding, infections (conjunctivitis, endophthalmitis), and allergic reactions. Delayed reactions included granuloma formation, often requiring further treatment. The most serious risk identified was potential visual impairment due to improper technique or ink placement. Conclusions: With the growing trend in ocular and periocular tattooing, there is an urgent need for increased awareness of associated risks. It is crucial to ensure that only qualified professionals perform these procedures, emphasizing the importance of understanding ocular anatomy. Developing strict regulatory guidelines and prioritizing research on the long-term effects of these tattoos are essential for patient safety. A collaborative approach among healthcare providers, regulatory bodies, and educational institutions is needed to mitigate risks and promote best practices in cosmetic tattooing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1727417427000},"page":"2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ocular and Periocular Tattoo Adverse Effects: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4082-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kar Wai Alvin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EverKeen Medical Centre, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa Kwin Wah","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EverKeen Medical Centre, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8139-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Wai Kay","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Skin Oracle, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheuk Hung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EverKeen Medical Centre, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2507-4524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovian","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asia Pacific Aesthetic Academy, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Ho","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong), Seoul 06001, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118803855","article-title":"The girl with the eyeball tattoo\u2014What the ophthalmologist may expect? 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