{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T01:54:46Z","timestamp":1772675686512,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study investigated the frequency and timing of optic neuritis (ON) episodes in relation to the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) and examined the occurrence of Uhthoff\u2019s phenomenon and Lhermitte\u2019s sign to understand their roles in early diagnosis and disease progression. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with 127 MS patients. Clinical data, including ophthalmological examinations for ON, were collected and questionnaires assessed the presence of Uhthoff\u2019s phenomenon and Lhermitte\u2019s sign. Results: Results showed that 37% of patients experienced demyelinating retrobulbar ON, with 25.53% having ON as the initial symptom of MS. Residual visual acuity impairment (below 20\/40) and dyschromatopsia were reported by 25.53% and 17.02% of patients, respectively. Uhthoff\u2019s phenomenon and Lhermitte\u2019s sign were present in 26.77% and 36.22% of patients, respectively. The findings underscore the importance of early ophthalmological assessments in diagnosing MS, as ON can be an initial indicator of the disease. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for precise diagnostic tools and personalized therapeutic strategies focused on specific biomarkers and pathways involved in neuroinflammation and demyelination. Early diagnosis through vigilant ophthalmologic evaluation can lead to interventions that significantly alter disease progression, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T03:57:08Z","timestamp":1727841428000},"page":"2198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Eyes as Windows: Unveiling Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis via Optic Neuritis and Uhthoff\u2019s Phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Andreea","family":"Ple\u0219a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florina Anca","family":"Antochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mioara Laura","family":"Macovei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra-Georgiana","family":"V\u00eerlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Department, \u201cProf. Dr. Alexandru Obregia\u201d Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, 041914 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Georgescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David-Ionu\u021b","family":"Beuran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0103ndica Nicoleta","family":"Bucurica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament 5, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Adella","family":"S\u00eerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8525-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Any","family":"Axelerad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, General Medicine Faculty, Ovidius University, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Andrew County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florentina Cristina","family":"Ple\u0219a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neurology Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008515","article-title":"Measuring disability in multiple sclerosis: Walking plus much more","volume":"93","author":"Sormani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"MS International Federation (2022, November 10). 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