{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:16:39Z","timestamp":1769753799990,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study analyzed the effect of different positions on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function in women with and without stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods: This study included women with (n = 17, research group) and without (n = 25, control group) SUI. Using abdominal ultrasound, PFM function (maximum contraction and endurance) was measured in four different positions: lying, sitting, standing and squatting. The level of difficulty perceived by the participants was recorded. Results: In both groups, the best contraction was observed in the standing position and the weakest in the lying position. Women with SUI showed a lower ability to perform PFM contraction. A significant difference was found between the groups in the sitting and standing positions, and it was smaller in the research group. In the research group, the contraction displacement during sitting was 2.68 (1.67) mm versus 4.51 (2.62) mm in the control. The displacement during standing was 6.92 (3.50) mm versus 9.18 (5.05) mm, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). In the research group, 52.9% reported the sitting position as the most difficult compared with only 12% in the control group. Conclusions: Women with SUI have lower PFM function while standing or sitting, but not while lying, than those without SUI. Variations in PFM function across different positions exist. A new protocol for PFM examination should be written with the standing position included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:08:18Z","timestamp":1728284898000},"page":"2230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ultrasound Assessment and Self-Perception of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence in Different Positions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Noa","family":"Krasnopolsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5067-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa Ben","family":"Ami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gali","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(07)70026-0","article-title":"Healthy Adults Can More Easily Elevate the Pelvic Floor in Standing than in Crook-Lying: An Experimental Study","volume":"53","author":"Kelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434070-00004","article-title":"Urinary Incontinence, Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, Exercise and Sport","volume":"34","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Muscle Training versus No Treatment for Urinary Incontonence in Women","volume":"44","author":"Dumoulin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(06)70031-9","article-title":"Sitting Posture Affects Pelvic Floor Muscle Activity in Parous Women: An Observational Study","volume":"52","author":"Sapsford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.07.017","article-title":"The Role of Lumbopelvic Posture in Pelvic Floor Muscle Activation in Continent Women","volume":"21","author":"Capson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0412.2003.00240.x","article-title":"Is There Any Difference in Measurement of Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength in Supine and Standing Position?","volume":"82","author":"Finckenhagen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23720","article-title":"Effect of Body Position on Reflex and Voluntary Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction during a Distraction Task","volume":"37","author":"Dewaele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/905897","article-title":"Impact of Different Body Positions on Bioelectrical Activity of the Pelvic Floor Muscles in Nulliparous Continent Women","volume":"2015","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-005-0016-3","article-title":"Effect of Test Position on Pelvic Floor Muscle Assessment","volume":"17","author":"Frawley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20069","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Continent and Stress Urinary Incontinent Women Using Dynamometric Measurements","volume":"23","author":"Morin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1999)18:6<613::AID-NAU11>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Female Stress, Urge, and Mixed Urinary Incontinence Are Associated with a Chronic and Progressive Pelvic Floor\/Vaginal Neuromuscular Disorder: An Investigation of 317 Healthy and Incontinent Women Using Vaginal Surface Electromyography","volume":"18","author":"Gunnarsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-006-0225-4","article-title":"Comparison of Transperineal and Transabdominal Ultrasound in the Assessment of Voluntary Pelvic Floor Muscle Contractions and Functional Manoeuvres in Continent and Incontinent Women","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-05003-6","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in the Standing Position in Women with Pelvic Floor Dysfunction","volume":"33","author":"Mastwyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2021.12.011","article-title":"Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Differs between Supine and Standing Positions in Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence: An Experimental Crossover Study","volume":"68","author":"Gimenez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2791-9","article-title":"Transabdominal Ultrasound to Assess Pelvic Floor Muscle Performance during Abdominal Curl in Exercising Women","volume":"26","author":"Barton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-005-1308-3","article-title":"Assessment of Pelvic Floor Movement Using Transabdominal and Transperineal Ultrasound","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0977-8","article-title":"Assessment of Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction in Stress Urinary Incontinent Women: Comparison between Transabdominal Ultrasound and Perineometry","volume":"20","author":"Chehrehrazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"167","article-title":"Investigation of Transabdominal Real-Time Ultrasound to Visualise the Muscles of the Pelvic Floor","volume":"51","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.01.005","article-title":"International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form: Comparison of Physician versus Patient Completion and Immediate and Delayed Self-Administration","volume":"63","author":"Hajebrahimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20674","article-title":"Comparison of Two Questionnaires for Assessing the Severity of Urinary Incontinence: The ICIQ-UI SF versus the Incontinence Severity Index","volume":"28","author":"Klovning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dar, G., and Saban, T.S. (2022). The Perception of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function amongst Exercising Women Who Are Repeatedly Instructed to Contract Their Pelvic Floor Muscles. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091768"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23810","article-title":"What Is the Most Effective Verbal Instruction for Correctly Contracting the Pelvic Floor Muscles?","volume":"37","author":"Dar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-010-0271-x","article-title":"Evaluation of Pelvic Floor Function by Transabdominal Ultrasound in Postpartum Women","volume":"37","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2548","article-title":"Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function","volume":"37","author":"Whittaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20201","article-title":"Reliability of Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength Assessment Using Different Test Positions and Tools: Reliability of Pelvic Floor Muscle Assessment","volume":"25","author":"Frawley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/19\/2230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:11:39Z","timestamp":1760112699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/19\/2230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14192230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14192230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]}}}