{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:10:24Z","timestamp":1789780224548,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research Grant, Ministry of Health, Republic of the Union of Myanmar","award":["PRC\/002\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRC\/002\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The diagnosis of encephalitis is a challenging problem due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations. The objective was to determine the etiology, clinical features, laboratory parameters, radiological findings, and in-hospital outcome of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases in Myanmar. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was conducted at the Neuromedical Ward of Yangon General Hospital from March to August 2023. Eighty-one AES cases were enrolled, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected. A Qiastat ME Panel was used to detect viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Results: Seventeen out of eighty-one (21%) cases were non-encephalitis with alternative definite diagnosis. Among the remaining 64 encephalitis cases, the exact infectious and immune etiologies were identified in 31 of 64 cases (48.4%); 26 of these (83.9%) were due to infectious causes and 5 (16.1%) were immune encephalitis. Among the infectious causes, six Herpes Simplex Virus-1-, one bacteriologically confirmed and seven probable Mycobacterium tuberculosis-, three Haemophilus influenzae-, two Streptococcus pneumoniae-, one Streptococcus pyogenes-, one Varicella-Zoster Virus (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome with meningoencephalitis)-, and two Cryptococcus neoformans-infected patients and rare causes such as Listeria monocytogenes, Burkholdelria cepacia, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Aspergillus were identified. One case was a dual infection with Haemophilus influenzae and Cryptococcus neformans. Abnormal protein levels and CSF pleocytosis were significantly higher among bacterial causes (p &lt; 0.05). In total, 6.45% (2\/31) of encephalitis patients with identified causes and 12.12% (4\/33) of those without an identified organism had poor outcome. Conclusions: Herpes encephalitis and tuberculous meningoencepalitis were the commonest. This study highlighted that molecular testing with a multidisciplinary approach is required to ensure the right treatment on time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T06:30:03Z","timestamp":1728455403000},"page":"2248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Etiology, Clinical Profiles, and Outcomes of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Cases Admitted to a Tertiary Care Center in Myanmar in 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1384-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aung Kyaw","family":"Kyaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ohnmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11111, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zin Nwe","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11111, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Kyaw","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11111, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zarni Myint","family":"Shwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11111, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyaw Lwin","family":"Show","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan Aye Thida","family":"Oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mya Thandar","family":"Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Zarchi","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Win Pa Pa","family":"Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phyu Phyu","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11111, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hlaing Myat","family":"Thu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaw Than","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon 11191, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010600989620","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Acute Encephalitis","volume":"17","author":"Granerod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. 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(P4-5.004)","volume":"100","author":"Liem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/19\/2248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:33Z","timestamp":1760112573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/19\/2248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14192248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14192248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}