{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:41:37Z","timestamp":1788176497097,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a cardiac storage disease caused by the progressive extracellular deposition of misfolded proteins in the myocardium. Despite the increasing interest in this pathology, it remains an underdiagnosed condition. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques play a central role in the suspicion and detection of CA, also thanks to the continuous scientific and technological advances in these tools. The 12-lead electrocardiography is an inexpensive and reproducible test with a diagnostic accuracy that, in some cases, exceeds that of imaging techniques, as recent studies have shown. Echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality, although none of its parameters are pathognomonic. According to the 2023 ESC Guidelines, a left ventricular wall thickness \u2265 12 mm is mandatory for the suspicion of CA, making this technique crucial. Cardiac magnetic resonance provides high-resolution images associated with tissue characterization. The use of contrast and non-contrast sequences enhances the diagnostic power of this imaging modality. Nuclear imaging techniques, including bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography, allow the detection of amyloid deposition in the heart, and their role is also central in assessing the prognosis and response to therapy. The role of computed tomography was recently evaluated by several studies, above in population affected by aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement, with promising results. Finally, machine learning and artificial intelligence-derived algorithms are gaining ground in this scenario and provide the basis for future research. Understanding the new insights into non-invasive diagnostic techniques is critical to better diagnose and manage patients with CA and improve their survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T06:30:03Z","timestamp":1728455403000},"page":"2249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Novel Insights into Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques for Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4865-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Maria","family":"Dicorato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Muscogiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5094-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Carella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ludovica","family":"Naccarati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Dentamaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1718-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Guglielmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, Utrecht University, Utrecht University Medical Center, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, 2545 The 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Pontone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perioperative Cardiology and Cardiovascular Imaging, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9452-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Forleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Matteo","family":"Ciccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, Polyclinic University Hospital, 70124 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