{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:52Z","timestamp":1787027932867,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT","award":["IN215424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN215424"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that often leads to kidney injury, known as lupus nephritis (LN). Although renal biopsy is the primary way to diagnose LN, it is invasive and not practical for regular monitoring. As an alternative, several groups have proposed urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as potential biomarkers for LN, as recent studies have shown their significance in reflecting kidney-related diseases. As a result, we developed a flow cytometry approach that allowed us to determine that LN patients exhibited a significantly higher total uEV concentration compared to SLE patients without kidney involvement. Additionally, an analysis of different-sized uEV subsets revealed that microvesicles ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 \u03bcm showed the most promise for distinguishing LN. These findings indicate that evaluating uEV concentration and size distribution could be a valuable diagnostic and monitoring tool for LN, pending further validation in more comprehensive studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14202271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T05:47:58Z","timestamp":1728884878000},"page":"2271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Urine Extracellular Vesicles Size Subsets as Lupus Nephritis Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Itze C.","family":"Navarro-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Immunology Laboratory, Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Departmento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal F.","family":"Reyes-Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Immunology Laboratory, Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ca\u00f1ez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Immunology Laboratory, Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiram","family":"Torres-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda y Reumatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Carrillo-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda y Reumatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura P.","family":"Whittall-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda y Reumatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Meza-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Immunology Laboratory, Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n y Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n y Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"G\u00f3mez-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda y Reumatolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Maravillas-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Immunology Laboratory, Coordinaci\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Universidad Nacional 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