{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:33:19Z","timestamp":1777663999779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune bullous disease that frequently affects a large skin surface area, but it can also present in localized areas. It has been hypothesized that bullous pemphigoid affects the systemic functioning of different organs because inflammatory cells and cytokines circulate throughout numerous organs. Results: Recent clinical and experimental studies have revealed an association between bullous pemphigoid and systemic organ disorders. To avoid the emergence of systemic organ diseases, the significance of systemic treatment in cases of severe bullous pemphigoid should be emphasized. Conclusions: Here, we discuss the specific molecular processes underlying typical systemic organ inflammatory diseases associated with bullous pemphigoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14202272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T05:47:58Z","timestamp":1728884878000},"page":"2272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Systemic Implications of Bullous Pemphigoid: Bridging Dermatology and Internal Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Emi","family":"Mashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natsuko","family":"Saito-Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0084-5","article-title":"The immunological anatomy of the skin","volume":"19","author":"Kabashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo0693","article-title":"Microbiota and maintenance of skin barrier function","volume":"376","author":"Grice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0256-2","article-title":"The epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"19","author":"Dainichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawada, Y., Saito-Sasaki, N., Mashima, E., and Nakamura, M. (2021). Daily Lifestyle and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105204"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gehrke, A.E., Giai, C., and G\u00f3mez, M.I. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation to the Skin in Health and Persistent\/Recurrent Infections. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12101520"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.04.007","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Role of the skin barrier, environment, microbiome, and therapeutic agents","volume":"102","author":"Luger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164412","article-title":"Skin barrier in atopic dermatitis: Beyond filaggrin","volume":"91","author":"Zaniboni","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. De Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13707","article-title":"Ambient humidity and the skin: The impact of air humidity in healthy and diseased states","volume":"30","author":"Goad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02665.x","article-title":"Expression pattern of the bullous pemphigoid-180 antigen in normal and neoplastic epithelia","volume":"133","author":"Fairley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"589","article-title":"Aberrant expression of a hemidesmosomal protein, bullous pemphigoid antigen 2, in human squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Yamada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12292701","article-title":"Bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid autoantibodies react with ultrastructurally separable epitopes on the BP180 ectodomain: Evidence that BP180 spans the lamina lucida","volume":"108","author":"McMillan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61140-4","article-title":"Pemphigoid diseases","volume":"381","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashiro, T., and Sawada, Y. (2022). Psoriasis and Systemic Inflammatory Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084457"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itamura, M., and Sawada, Y. (2022). Involvement of Atopic Dermatitis in the Development of Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113445"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"27","article-title":"Increased expression of eotaxin and its specific receptor CCR3 in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"12","author":"Frezzolini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.03.014","article-title":"Increased expression of Th2-associated chemokines in bullous pemphigoid disease. Role of eosinophils in the production and release of these chemokines","volume":"120","author":"Wellemans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08979.x","article-title":"CCL18 is expressed in patients with bullous pemphigoid and parallels disease course","volume":"160","author":"Kopp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/205873929901200202","article-title":"A Th2-like cytokine response is involved in bullous pemphigoid. the role of IL-4 and IL-5 in the pathogenesis of the disease","volume":"12","author":"Feliciani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Mao, X., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Jin, H., and Li, L. (2022). IL-13 Genetic Susceptibility to Bullous Pemphigoid: A Potential Target for Treatment and a Prognostic Marker. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824110"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111941","article-title":"Sequential class switching is required for the generation of high affinity IgE antibodies","volume":"209","author":"Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050421","article-title":"Increased serum interleukin-15 levels in bullous skin diseases: Correlation with disease intensity","volume":"291","author":"Bonifati","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15924","article-title":"IgE autoreactivity in bullous pemphigoid: Eosinophils and mast cells as major targets of pathogenic immune reactants","volume":"177","author":"Freire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giang Pham, N., Thi Ha Nguyen, V., and Le Huu, D. (2023). High serum total IgE levels correlate with urticarial lesions and IgE deposition in perilesional skin of bullous pemphigoid patients: An observational study. Indian. J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_610_2023"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1992.tb03247.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural aspects of infiltrated eosinophils in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"19","author":"Iryo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117196","article-title":"92-kD gelatinase is produced by eosinophils at the site of blister formation in bullous pemphigoid and cleaves the extracellular domain of recombinant 180-kD bullous pemphigoid autoantigen","volume":"93","author":"Inoue","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.08.008","article-title":"Serum levels of IgE anti-BP180 and anti-BP230 autoantibodies in patients with bullous pemphigoid","volume":"49","author":"Ishiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.01.005","article-title":"Correlation of dermal and blood eosinophilia with bullous pemphigoid disease severity","volume":"6","author":"Farnaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1134::AID-ANR24>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Stimulation of 92-kd gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 9) production by interleukin-17 in human monocyte\/macrophages: A possible role in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"43","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280991","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2280991","article-title":"Study of cytokine-induced immunity in bullous pemphigoid: Recent developments","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giusti, D., Bini, E., Terryn, C., Didier, K., Le Jan, S., Gatouillat, G., Durlach, A., Nesmond, S., Muller, C., and Bernard, P. (2019). NET Formation in Bullous Pemphigoid Patients With Relapse Is Modulated by IL-17 and IL-23 Interplay. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00701"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2018.08.015","article-title":"E4BP4 facilitates glucocorticoid sensitivity of human bronchial epithelial cells via down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor-beta","volume":"334","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.399","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-4-independent induction of immunoglobulin (Ig)E, and perturbation of T cell development in transgenic mice expressing IL-13","volume":"188","author":"Emson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2188487","article-title":"Targeting interleukin 4 and interleukin 13: A novel therapeutic approach in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"897","article-title":"Deposition of eosinophil granule proteins precedes blister formation in bullous pemphigoid. Comparison with neutrophil and mast cell granule proteins","volume":"148","author":"Borrego","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.03.002","article-title":"IgE autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid: Supporting role, or leading player?","volume":"78","author":"Ujiie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00746-9","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells in protection versus pathology","volume":"23","author":"Mills","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12545","article-title":"Interleukin-23 (IL-23), independent of IL-17 and IL-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice","volume":"147","author":"McDermott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1606915","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"376","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.596361","article-title":"Increased risk of stroke in patients with bullous pemphigoid: A population-based follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12806","article-title":"Mortality of bullous pemphigoid in Singapore: Risk factors and causes of death in 359 patients seen at the National Skin Centre","volume":"170","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.5125","article-title":"Risk of All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, and Cancer Mortality in Patients With Bullous Pemphigoid","volume":"158","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"758","article-title":"Risk of Death in Bullous Pemphigoid: A Retrospective Database Study in Finland","volume":"96","author":"Jokelainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, N.N., Teague, H.L., Swindell, W.R., Baumer, Y., Ward, N.L., Xing, X., Baugous, B., Johnston, A., Joshi, A.A., and Silverman, J. (2017). IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 synergism may provide a link between psoriasis and inflammatory atherogenesis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14365-1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827618","article-title":"Interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma are produced concomitantly by human coronary artery-infiltrating T cells and act synergistically on vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"119","author":"Eid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304108","article-title":"Interleukin 17 drives vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial hypertension in psoriasis-like skin disease","volume":"34","author":"Karbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14859","article-title":"Vascular inflammation in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis is associated with enhanced Th2 response","volume":"76","author":"Villani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino, G.M., Rizzetto, G., Marani, A., Marasca, S., Candelora, M., Gambini, D., Gioacchini, H., De Simoni, E., Maurizi, A., and Campanati, A. (2022). Bullous Pemphygoid and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112844"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17088","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.88","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"3","author":"Romagnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-020-02100-2","article-title":"Association of bullous pemphigoid and comorbid health conditions: A case-control study","volume":"313","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2021.1910045","article-title":"Bullous pemphigoid in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A case series and a literature survey","volume":"43","author":"Morimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12670","article-title":"Development of bullous pemphigoid during the haemodialysis of a young man: Case report and literature survey","volume":"14","author":"Osipowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.09.016","article-title":"Increased proportions of Tc17 cells and NK cells may be risk factors for disease progression in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.12.031","article-title":"Interleukin-17A blockade reduces albuminuria and kidney injury in an accelerated model of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"95","author":"Lavoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.039","article-title":"Interleukin-17A promotes early but attenuates established disease in crescentic glomerulonephritis in mice","volume":"179","author":"Odobasic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107907","article-title":"Natural killer T cell\/IL-4 signaling promotes bone marrow-derived fibroblast activation and M2 macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition in renal fibrosis","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2012.00131","article-title":"MyD88 signaling pathway is involved in renal fibrosis by favoring a TH2 immune response and activating alternative M2 macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Braga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gungor, O., Unal, H.U., Guclu, A., Gezer, M., Eyileten, T., Guzel, F.B., Altunoren, O., Erken, E., Oguz, Y., and Kocyigit, I. (2017). IL-33 and ST2 levels in chronic kidney disease: Associations with inflammation, vascular abnormalities, cardiovascular events, and survival. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178939"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15056","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.56","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Masters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.07.052","article-title":"A population-based study of the association between bullous pemphigoid and neurologic disorders","volume":"71","author":"Brick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.09.010","article-title":"Increased Levels of the Bullous Pemphigoid BP180 Autoantibody Are Associated with More Severe Dementia in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"137","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15405","article-title":"Increased frequency of multiple sclerosis among patients with bullous pemphigoid: A population-based cohort study on comorbidities anchored around the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid","volume":"176","author":"Kibsgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17465","article-title":"The burden of neurological comorbidities in six autoimmune bullous diseases: A population-based study","volume":"35","author":"Kridin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5343","article-title":"Analysis of the autoimmune response against BP180 in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberstein, T.J., Taha, L., Spitzer, P., Hellstern, J., Herrmann, M., Kornhuber, J., and Maler, J.M. (2018). Imbalance of Circulating T(h)17 and Regulatory T Cells in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Case Control Study. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01213"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ke, K.F., Liu, Z., Qiu, Y.H., and Peng, Y.P. (2013). Th17 cell-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in neurodegeneration of a\u03b21-42-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease model rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075786"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14586","article-title":"Neutralization of IL-17 rescues amyloid-\u03b2-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment","volume":"176","author":"Cristiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14001","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203009","article-title":"Adalimumab ameliorates memory impairments and neuroinflammation in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70176-0","article-title":"Pemphigoid and ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"Barth","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680100132023","article-title":"Bullous pemphigoid and ulcerative colitis","volume":"127","author":"Kaplan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.J., Juan, C.K., Chang, Y.T., Wu, C.Y., Ho, H.J., and Tseng, H.C. (2020). Association between inflammatory bowel disease and bullous pemphigoid: A population-based case-control study. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69475-0"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.018","article-title":"RORgamma-expressing Th17 cells induce murine chronic intestinal inflammation via redundant effects of IL-17A and IL-17F","volume":"136","author":"Leppkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071044","article-title":"Interleukin-4 stimulates proliferation of endometriotic stromal cells","volume":"173","author":"OuYang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16412","article-title":"Association between bullous pemphigoid and risk of venous thromboembolism: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-04-0309","article-title":"Increased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with bullous pemphigoid. The INVENTEP (INcidence of VENous ThromboEmbolism in bullous Pemphigoid) study","volume":"115","author":"Cugno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.March.27.26","article-title":"Detection of targets and their mechanisms for early diagnosis of traumatic deep vein thrombosis","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.02.006","article-title":"IL-17A promotes the formation of deep vein thrombosis in a mouse model","volume":"57","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16069","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.69","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"2","author":"Eastell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-02010-y","article-title":"Association of pemphigus and pemphigoid with osteoporosis and pathological fractures","volume":"312","author":"Chovatiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10982.x","article-title":"Evidence for vitamin D deficiency and increased prevalence of fractures in autoimmune bullous skin diseases","volume":"167","author":"Marzano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Luo, Z., Wu, Y., Niu, T., Zheng, J., and Xie, Y. (2022). Prognostic factors for mortality in bullous pemphigoid: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264705"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02562-0","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in bullous pemphigoid patients in the absence of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.7.17.2403","article-title":"Bullous pemphigoid treatment review","volume":"7","author":"Patton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.010","article-title":"Bullous pemphigoid","volume":"16","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13408","article-title":"Glucocorticoids: The mode of action in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"26","author":"Kubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30560-3","article-title":"Doxycycline versus prednisolone as an initial treatment strategy for bullous pemphigoid: A pragmatic, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15963","article-title":"Dapsone: A forgotten and underestimated treatment option for bullous pemphigoid?","volume":"177","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15890","article-title":"Doxycycline and the treatment for bullous pemphigoid: What outcomes are most important to our patients?","volume":"177","author":"Cardones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Chen, L., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zou, Y., Gong, T., and Ji, C. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Moderate-to-Severe Bullous Pemphigoid. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738907"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.2428","article-title":"Evaluation of Dupilumab in Patients With Bullous Pemphigoid","volume":"159","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad369","article-title":"Omalizumab in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid resistant to first-line therapy: A French national multicentre retrospective study of 100 patients","volume":"190","author":"Chebani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granados-Betancort, E., S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edaz, M., Mu\u00f1oz-Barba, D., and Arias-Santiago, S. (2024). Omalizumab and Dupilumab for the Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164844"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, P., Xu, W., and Zhang, L. (2022). Rituximab, Omalizumab, and Dupilumab Treatment Outcomes in Bullous Pemphigoid: A Systematic Review. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.928621"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"672","article-title":"Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with rituximab: Critical analysis of the current literature","volume":"12","author":"Shetty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0401-6","article-title":"Rituximab and Omalizumab for the Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"20","author":"Kremer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terui, H., and Asano, Y. (2023). Biologics for Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Psoriasis Patients. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031162"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16765","article-title":"Two cases with bullous pemphigoid relapsed after using interleukin-17A inhibitors for psoriasis: A paradoxical reaction","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/20\/2272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:05Z","timestamp":1760112725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/20\/2272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14202272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14202272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]]}}}