{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:34:47Z","timestamp":1788388487368,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish state","award":["ALFGBG-874631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-874631"]}]},{"name":"Swedish state","award":["GLS-986620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLS-986620"]}]},{"name":"Emelle Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","award":["ALFGBG-874631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-874631"]}]},{"name":"Emelle Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","award":["GLS-986620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLS-986620"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospital Fund C4A","award":["ALFGBG-874631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-874631"]}]},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospital Fund C4A","award":["GLS-986620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLS-986620"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium and remains to this day a challenging diagnosis. A promising novel imaging method uses the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) on inflammatory cells to visualize myocardial inflammation. However, little is known about the histopathological correlate of SSTR imaging in different forms of myocarditis. Methods: In the present retrospective histopathological study, we systematically analysed the expression of SSTR subtype 2 (SSTR2) on inflammatory cells of 33 patients with biopsy- or explant-proven myocarditis (lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 5), giant-cell myocarditis (n = 11), and cardiac sarcoidosis (n = 17)), and in eight controls (multi-organ donors) without signs of myocardial inflammation and\/or scars. Results: In all patients, immunohistochemical staining for SSTR2 was positive in areas with CD68-positive macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Staining for SSTR2 was most prominent in the presence of multinucleated giant cells. The colocalization of both SSTR2 and CD68 on the same cell could be confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy. Western blotting confirmed the upregulated expression of SSTR2 in cases of granulomatous inflammation (sarcoidosis) of the skeletal and heart muscle, in comparison with controls. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the expression of SSTR2 on the protein level on CD68-positive macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in various forms of myocarditis, which provides a clear rationale for the diagnostic use of SSTR imaging in this patient group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14212374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T03:46:04Z","timestamp":1729827964000},"page":"2374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Histopathological Evaluation of Somatostatin Receptor 2 Expression in Myocarditis\u2014Rationale for the Diagnostic Use of Somatostatin Receptor Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7125-9747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian L.","family":"Polte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kittichate","family":"Visuttijai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Vukusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"Sandstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Sandstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8287-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Bobbio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6200-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Bj\u00f6rkenstam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristjan","family":"Karason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Transplantation, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7440-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entela","family":"Bollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5758-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Oldfors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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