{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:47:47Z","timestamp":1788058067400,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy is a vulnerable period of time during which pregnant people are prone to infections like COVID-19, which can increase risks for both the mother and fetus. These infections may lead to complications such as preterm birth, developmental delays, and congenital abnormalities. While COVID-19 poses additional risks like placental dysfunction and neonatal infections, studies on long-term effects remain limited. Ongoing research and monitoring are essential to understand and mitigate potential cognitive and developmental challenges in children born to mothers infected with COVID-19. This review aims to guide clinicians in managing these risks throughout childhood. Maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy can have significant implications for fetal development, even if the newborn is not infected at birth. The release of inflammatory cytokines may cross the placental barrier, potentially disrupting fetal brain development and increasing the risk of long-term cognitive and behavioral issues, such as ADHD or autism. Placental dysfunction, caused by inflammation or thrombosis, can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth, or hypoxia, affecting both neurological and respiratory health in newborns. Furthermore, a compromised fetal immune system can increase susceptibility to autoimmune conditions and infections. The early diagnosis and management of infections during pregnancy are crucial in mitigating risks to both the mother and fetus. Swift intervention can prevent complications like preterm birth and long-term developmental challenges, ensuring better health outcomes for both the mother and child. Long-term monitoring of children born to mothers infected with COVID-19 is necessary to understand the full extent of the virus\u2019s impact. This review evaluates the long-term systemic effects of maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy on fetuses, newborns, and children, focusing beyond vertical transmission. It highlights the broader impacts on fetal development, offering insights to help clinicians manage potential issues that may arise later in life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14212443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:31:32Z","timestamp":1730377892000},"page":"2443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COVID-19 and Its Potential Impact on Children Born to Mothers Infected During Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Stolojanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u2018Louis Turcanu\u2019 Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2277-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Doros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2018Louis Turcanu\u2019 Emergency Hospital for Children, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania Lavinia","family":"Bratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neuropsychology and Behavioral Medicine, Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of General Medicine, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology, Department of Neurosciences, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Ciobanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 Univeristy of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 Univeristy of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil Radu","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5326-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Andreea","family":"Ghenciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil Robert","family":"Stoicescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Medical Imaging University Clinic, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Medical Communication, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Field of Applied Engineering Sciences, Specialization Statistical Methods and Techniques in Health and Clinical Research, Faculty of Mechanics, \u2018Politehnica\u2019 University Timisoara, 300222 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirabela","family":"Dima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16698","article-title":"Fetal Growth at Different Gestational Periods and Risk of Impaired Childhood Growth, Low Childhood Weight and Obesity: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study","volume":"128","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.03.039","article-title":"Human Placental Development and Function","volume":"131","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Raya, B., Michalski, C., Sadarangani, M., and Lavoie, P.M. (2020). Maternal Immunological Adaptation During Normal Pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.575197"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.08.010","article-title":"Microphysiological Systems of the Placental Barrier","volume":"161","author":"Arumugasaamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosu, L.M., Prodan-B\u0103rbulescu, C., Maghiari, A.L., Bernad, E.S., Bernad, R.L., Iacob, R., Stoicescu, E.R., Borozan, F., and Ghenciu, L.A. (2024). Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment Approach of Diabetic Retinopathy during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14040369"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghenciu, L.A., \u0218i\u0219u, A.M., Stoicescu, E.R., D\u0103nil\u0103, A.-I., Iacob, R., S\u0103ndesc, M.-A., and Ha\u021began, O.A. (2024). Thyroid Eye Disease and Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091430"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Saadaoui, M., and Al Khodor, S. (2022). Infections and Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal and Child Health. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.873253"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87490","article-title":"Risks Associated with Viral Infections during Pregnancy","volume":"127","author":"Racicot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e072155","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072155","article-title":"Stress and Safety of Maternal and Newborn Healthcare Workers Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Repeat Cross-Sectional Analysis from a Global Online Survey from March 2020 to March 2021","volume":"13","author":"Ezema","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01696-3","article-title":"Predictors of Antepartum Maternal Sepsis and Effects on Neonatal Outcomes: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"43","author":"Ozarslan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.025","article-title":"Maternal Infection and Stress during Pregnancy and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Offspring","volume":"257","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1153","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09035","article-title":"Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review","volume":"75","author":"Goodman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02291-0","article-title":"Association of Common Maternal Infections with Birth Outcomes: A Multinational Cohort Study","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19206","article-title":"Acute and Post-Acute Multidisciplinary Outcomes of Newborns Born from Mothers with SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy or the Perinatal Period","volume":"9","author":"Buonsenso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12355","article-title":"Viral Infections During Pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Silasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Rep. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.07.012","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women and Their Children: A Review","volume":"265","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.11.001","article-title":"TORCH Infections","volume":"42","author":"Neu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.08.005","article-title":"Viral Infections and the Neonatal Brain","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.250.271","article-title":"The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic","volume":"250","author":"Baloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1783198","article-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Ciotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoicescu, E.R., Ciuca, I.M., Iacob, R., Iacob, E.R., Marc, M.S., Birsasteanu, F., Manolescu, D.L., and Iacob, D. (2021). Is Lung Ultrasound Helpful in COVID-19 Neonates?\u2014A Systematic Review. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11122296"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Ahmad Farouk, I., and Lal, S.K. (2021). COVID-19: A Review on the Novel Coronavirus Disease Evolution, Transmission, Detection, Control and Prevention. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020202"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumitrescu, A., Doros, G., Lazureanu, V.E., Septimiu-Radu, S., Bratosin, F., Rosca, O., Patel, H., Porosnicu, T.M., Vitcu, G.M., and Mirea, A. (2023). Post-Severe-COVID-19 Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Study on Patient Features and Recovery Dynamics in Correlation with Workout Intensity. JCM, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134390"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08799","article-title":"Insight into COVID-19\u2019s Epidemiology, Pathology, and Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Aimrane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.04.007","article-title":"Long COVID: An Overview","volume":"15","author":"Raveendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Septimiu-Radu, S., Gadela, T., Gabriela, D., Oancea, C., Rosca, O., Lazureanu, V.E., Fericean, R.M., Bratosin, F., Dumitrescu, A., and Stoicescu, E.R. (2023). A Systematic Review of Lung Autopsy Findings in Elderly Patients after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JCM, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12052070"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, J.S., Almamary, A.S., Alghamdi, S.M., Komies, S., Althobiani, M., Aldhahir, A.M., and Naser, A.Y. (2022). Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychological Aspects. COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91307-2.00007-9"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.08.054","article-title":"An Update on COVID-19 and Pregnancy","volume":"226","author":"Jamieson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151286","article-title":"A Review of Newborn Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"44","author":"Kyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsafaras, G.P., Ntontsi, P., and Xanthou, G. (2020). Advantages and Limitations of the Neonatal Immune System. Front. Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00005"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoicescu, E.R., Iacob, R., Iacob, E.R., Ghenciu, L.A., Oancea, C., and Manolescu, D.L. (2024). Tiny Lungs, Big Differences: Navigating the Varied COVID-19 Landscape in Neonates vs. Infants via Biomarkers and Lung Ultrasound. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020425"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014A Scale for the Quality Assessment of Narrative Review Articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-009-0146-3","article-title":"Software Survey: VOSviewer, a Computer Program for Bibliometric Mapping","volume":"84","author":"Waltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022058271","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058271","article-title":"Maternal SARS-CoV-2, Placental Changes and Brain Injury in 2 Neonates","volume":"151","author":"Benny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1704-1929","article-title":"Maternal COVID-19 Infection and Possible Associated Adverse Neurological Fetal Outcomes, Two Case Reports","volume":"39","author":"Archuleta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldrete-Cortez, V., Bobadilla, L., Tafoya, S.A., Gonzalez-Carpinteiro, A., Nava, F., Vi\u00f1als, C., Alvarado, E., Mendizabal-Espinosa, R., G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez, M.E., and Ramirez-Garcia, L.A. (2022). Infants Prenatally Exposed to SARS-CoV-2 Show the Absence of Fidgety Movements and Are at Higher Risk for Neurological Disorders: A Comparative Study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267575"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio, R., Aguilar, R., Bustamante, M., Mu\u00f1oz, E., V\u00e1zquez-Santiago, M., Santano, R., Vidal, M., Melero, N.R., Parras, D., and Serra, P. (2022). Maternal and Neonatal Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2, IgG Transplacental Transfer and Cytokine Profile. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.999136"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.12.003","article-title":"Neurological and Neuroradiological Manifestations in Neonates Born to Mothers with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"141","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e069194","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069194","article-title":"Neuromotor Repertoires in Infants Exposed to Maternal COVID-19 during Pregnancy: A Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 1 Year in Infants of Mothers Who Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2 During Pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Edlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2132563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.32563","article-title":"Immune Response of Neonates Born to Mothers Infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"4","author":"Conti","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2023.101135","article-title":"Maternal COVID-19 Infection and the Fetus: Immunological and Neurological Perspectives","volume":"53","author":"Falahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01049-2","article-title":"The Legacy of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Immunology of the Neonate","volume":"22","author":"Gee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gashimova, N.R., Pankratyeva, L.L., Bitsadze, V.O., Khizroeva, J.K., Tretyakova, M.V., Grigoreva, K.N., Tsibizova, V.I., Gris, J.-C., Degtyareva, N.D., and Yakubova, F.E. (2023). Inflammation and Immune Reactions in the Fetus as a Response to COVID-19 in the Mother. JCM, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134256"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.038","article-title":"The Immunologic Status of Newborns Born to SARS-CoV-2\u2013Infected Mothers in Wuhan, China","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0029-SA","article-title":"Placental Tissue Destruction and Insufficiency From COVID-19 Causes Stillbirth and Neonatal Death from Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury","volume":"146","author":"Schwartz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.05.009","article-title":"The Effects of COVID-19 on Placental Morphology","volume":"138","author":"Heeralall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.12.012","article-title":"Severe Placental Lesions Due to Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection Associated to Intrauterine Fetal Death","volume":"121","author":"Dubucs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155139","article-title":"Maternal COVID-19 Infection and Intrauterine Fetal Death: Impact on the Placenta and Fetus","volume":"254","author":"Sundar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.07.009","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy and Risk of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"226","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.014","article-title":"Preeclampsia and COVID-19: Results from the INTERCOVID Prospective Longitudinal Study","volume":"225","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12511","article-title":"The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Infant Development and Maternal Mental Health in the First 2 Years of Life","volume":"28","author":"Sperber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237396","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.7396","article-title":"Assessment of Neurodevelopment in Infants with and without Exposure to Asymptomatic or Mild Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Firestein","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayesa-Arriola, R., Castro Quintas, \u00c1., Ortiz-Garc\u00eda De La Foz, V., Miguel Corredera, M., San Mart\u00edn Gonz\u00e1lez, N., Murillo-Garc\u00eda, N., Neergaard, K., Fa\u00f1an\u00e1s Saura, L., and De Las Cuevas-Ter\u00e1n, I. (2023). Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Newborn Neurodevelopment: A Pilot Study. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29680-z"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1372-5_13","article-title":"Prenatal Stress and Its Effects on the Fetus and the Child: Possible Underlying Biological Mechanisms","volume":"Volume 10","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perinatal Programming of Neurodevelopment"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.063","article-title":"Maternal Antenatal Stress and Mental and Behavioral Disorders in Their Children","volume":"278","author":"Tuovinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1640","article-title":"Third Trimester Brain Growth in Preterm Infants Compared with In Utero Healthy Fetuses","volume":"138","author":"McCarter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1835","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1769471","article-title":"Effect of Maternal Coronavirus Disease on Preterm Morbidities","volume":"41","author":"Becerir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everett, C., Kye, Y., Panda, S., and Singh, A.P. (2022). Outcome of Neonates Born to SARS-CoV-2-Infected Mothers: Tertiary Care Experience at US\u2013Mexico Border. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9071033"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2022.08.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Japan: A National Survey","volume":"64","author":"Hoshino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vimercati, A., De Nola, R., Trerotoli, P., Metta, M.E., Cazzato, G., Resta, L., Malvasi, A., Lepera, A., Ricci, I., and Capozza, M. (2022). COVID-19 Infection in Pregnancy: Obstetrical Risk Factors and Neonatal Outcomes\u2014A Monocentric, Single-Cohort Study. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020166"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44549-5","article-title":"Respiratory Distress in SARS-CoV-2 Exposed Uninfected Neonates Followed in the COVID Outcomes in Mother-Infant Pairs (COMP) Study","volume":"15","author":"Man","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2023.00563","article-title":"Association between Maternal Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn: A Single-Center Study","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1875825","article-title":"Immune Response and Safety of Viral Vaccines in Children with Autoimmune Diseases on Immune Modulatory Drug Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Tse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, T., Minisha, F., Abu Yaqoub, S., Rahim, A.A., Omar, M., Ahmed, H., Lindow, S., Abraham, M.R., Gassim, M., and Al-Dewik, N. (2023). Impact of Timing and Severity of COVID-19 Infection in Pregnancy on Intrauterine Fetal Growth- a Registry-Based Study from Qatar. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288004"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271099","article-title":"The Fetal Brain Sparing Response to Hypoxia: Physiological Mechanisms","volume":"594","author":"Giussani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01485-4","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Phenotypes","volume":"400","author":"Bos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-023-03685-6","article-title":"Evaluation of Maternal Fetal Outcomes of Pregnant Women and Mothers with Suspected Infection by SARS-CoV-2 Treated at the Municipal Hospital of S\u00e3o Bernardo Do Campo (HMU-SBC), Brazil","volume":"27","author":"Steiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21284","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021284","article-title":"First Neonates with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Romania: Three Case Reports","volume":"99","author":"Dima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.4499","article-title":"Newborn and Early Infant Outcomes Following Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy","volume":"177","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.02.008","article-title":"Maternal Vaccination against COVID-19 and Neonatal Outcomes during Omicron: INTERCOVID-2022 Study","volume":"231","author":"Barros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101069","article-title":"Time to Enhance COVID-19 Vaccination in Women of Reproductive Age","volume":"45","author":"Cavoretto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragomir, C., Popescu, R., Bernad, E., Boia, M., Iacob, D., Dima, M., Laza, R., Soldan, N., Bernad, B.-C., and Semenescu, A. (2022). The Influence of Maternal Psychological Manifestations on the Mother\u2013Child Couple during the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Hospitals in Timisoara, Romania. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58111540"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinoveanu, D., Anastasiu, D.M., Citu, C., Popa, Z.L., Erdelean, I., Dumitru, C., Biris, M., Olaru, F., Neda-Stepan, O., and Fericean, R.M. (2023). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Contraception Awareness and Mental Well-Being in Teenagers and Young Adult Women: A Three-Year Cross-Sectional Analysis. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11222990"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100132X","article-title":"Pregnancy during the Pandemic: The Impact of COVID-19-Related Stress on Risk for Prenatal Depression","volume":"53","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113912","article-title":"Depression and Anxiety in Pregnancy during COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"300","author":"Racine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/21\/2443\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:25:43Z","timestamp":1760113543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/21\/2443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14212443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14212443","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]}}}