{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:07:23Z","timestamp":1792192043365,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sports cardiology is an evolving field in cardiology, with several topics remaining controversial. Beyond the several well-known benefits of regular exercise practice, the occurrence of adverse clinical events during sports in apparently healthy individuals, especially sudden cardiac death, and the described long-term adverse cardiac adaptations associated to high volume of exercise, remain challenging. The early identification of athletes with increased risk is critical, but the most appropriate preparticipation screening protocols are also debatable and a more personalized evaluation, considering individual and sports-related characteristics, will potentially optimize this evaluation. As the risk of major clinical events during sports is not zero, independently of previous evaluation, ensuring the capacity for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, especially with availability of automated external defibrillators, in sports arenas, is crucial for its prevention and to improve outcomes. As in other areas of medicine, application of new digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, is promising and could improve in near future several aspects of sports cardiology. This paper aims to review the methodology of athletes\u2019 preparticipation screening, emphasizing current controversies and future challenges, in order to improve early diagnosis of conditions associated with sudden cardiac death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14212445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T12:31:32Z","timestamp":1730377892000},"page":"2445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Preparticipation Cardiovascular Screening of Athletes: Current Controversies and Challenges for the Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Dores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital da Luz, 1600-209 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC\u2014Comprehensive Health Research Center, Associate Laboratory REAL (LA-REAL), 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CoLab TRIALS, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-1623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Dinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Military Health Center, Portuguese Army, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0761-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital de Santa Marta, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1169-050 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, 2720-276 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Medicina Desportiva de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1651","article-title":"SSedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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