{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:01:03Z","timestamp":1790780463633,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive method to evaluate vascular endothelial function, which manifests the vascular inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and autoregulation. Since FMD is noninvasive and assesses commonly in the brachial artery by ultrasound, compared to other invasive methods such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), it is widely used to evaluate endothelial function and allows serial assessment. In this review, we present the currently accepted mechanisms and methods of FMD measurement with the studies applied in the current clinical practice using FMD. After all, the association with cardiovascular diseases is of substance, and so we introduce clinical studies of FMD related to cardiovascular disease such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease. In addition, studies related to pregnancy and COVID-19 were also inspected. Yet, endothelial examination is not endorsed as a cardiovascular prevention measure, for the lack of a clear standardized value methodology. Still, many studies recommend practicable FMD and would be a better prognostic value in the cardiovascular prognosis in future clinical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T06:05:41Z","timestamp":1731045941000},"page":"2499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies Applying Flow-Mediated Dilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuran","family":"Ahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Research Institute for Intractable Cardiovascular Disease (CRID), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nay","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"},{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo-Suk","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Catholic Research Institute for Intractable Cardiovascular Disease (CRID), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01495.x","article-title":"Venous Occlusion Plethysmography in Cardiovascular Research: Methodology and Clinical Applications","volume":"52","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.54.6.711","article-title":"Augmented Responses to Vasoconstrictor Stimuli in Hypercholesterolemic and Atherosclerotic Monkeys","volume":"54","author":"Heistad","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclcard.2004.08.007","article-title":"Estimation of Coronary Flow Reserve by Tc-99m Sestamibi Imaging in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: Comparison with the Results of Intracoronary Doppler Technique","volume":"11","author":"Storto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.04.007","article-title":"Cardiac PET Imaging for the Detection and Monitoring of Coronary Artery Disease and Microvascular Health","volume":"3","author":"Schindler","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01746-6","article-title":"Guidelines for the Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery: A Report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force","volume":"39","author":"Corretti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013915","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013915","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria of Flow-Mediated Vasodilation for Normal Endothelial Function and Nitroglycerin-Induced Vasodilation for Normal Vascular Smooth Muscle Function of the Brachial Artery","volume":"9","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac095","article-title":"Flow-Mediated Dilation Reference Values for Evaluation of Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"119","author":"Heiss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.775155","article-title":"Reliable Endothelial Function Testing: At Our Fingertips?","volume":"117","author":"Celermajer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.08.062","article-title":"Noninvasive Identification of Patients with Early Coronary Atherosclerosis by Assessment of Digital Reactive Hyperemia","volume":"44","author":"Bonetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E112","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318576","article-title":"Sex Differences in Vascular Response to Mental Stress and Adverse Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease","volume":"43","author":"Sullivan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.02.011","article-title":"Evaluation of Endothelial Function in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Lowenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00010905","article-title":"Pre-Eclampsia Is Associated with Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Yinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.5.594","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Measured by Peripheral Arterial Tone Response in the Finger to Reactive Hyperemia","volume":"28","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1398-6_40","article-title":"Procedures to Evaluate the Role of Heparan Sulfate on the Reactivity of Resistance and Conductance Arteries Ex Vivo","volume":"2303","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897087","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.897087","article-title":"The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Milusev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.930","article-title":"Endothelial Glycocalyx, Apoptosis and Inflammation in an Atherosclerotic Mouse Model","volume":"252","author":"Cancel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12120","article-title":"What Is the Mechanism of Flow-Mediated Arterial Dilatation","volume":"40","author":"Markos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006327","article-title":"A Peripheral Arterial Conducting Mechanism Underlying Dilatation of the Femoral Artery and Concerned in Functional Vasodilatation in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"149","author":"Hilton","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000019756.88731.83","article-title":"Involvement of Myoendothelial Gap Junctions in the Actions of Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor","volume":"90","author":"Sandow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36028-X_2","article-title":"Vascular Endothelium and Blood Flow","volume":"176","author":"Busse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.128736","article-title":"Characteristics of the Response of the Iliac Artery to Wall Shear Stress in the Anaesthetized Pig","volume":"582","author":"Kelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2008.01882.x","article-title":"Dilatation in the Femoral Vascular Bed Does Not Cause Retrograde Relaxation of the Iliac Artery in the Anaesthetized Pig","volume":"194","author":"Markos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6107(91)90011-G","article-title":"Relationship between microvascular permeability and ultrastructure","volume":"55","author":"Geraldine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.2002.4441","article-title":"Quasi-Periodic Substructure in the Microvessel Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Explanation for Molecular Filtering?","volume":"136","author":"Squire","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00691.2002","article-title":"Role of Hyaluronic Acid Glycosaminoglycans in Shear-Induced Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Release","volume":"285","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.01.137","article-title":"The Role of Endothelial Glycocalyx Components in Mechanotransduction of Fluid Shear Stress","volume":"355","author":"Pahakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-5424rev","article-title":"Cellular Mechanotransduction: Putting All the Pieces Together Again","volume":"20","author":"Ingber","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01232","article-title":"Mechanosensitive Ion Channels: Molecules of Mechanotransduction","volume":"117","author":"Martinac","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"197","article-title":"Signal Transduction and Signal Modulation by Cell Adhesion Receptors: The Role of Integrins, Cadherins, Immunoglobulin-Cell Adhesion Molecules, and Selectins","volume":"50","author":"Aplin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00162.2007","article-title":"Glycocalyx Modulates the Motility and Proliferative Response of Vascular Endothelium to Fluid Shear Stress","volume":"293","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2720909","article-title":"Change in Properties of the Glycocalyx Affects the Shear Rate and Stress Distribution on Endothelial Cells","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e318233b5ed","article-title":"Mechanotransduction of Flow-Induced Shear Stress by Endothelial Glycocalyx Fibers Is Torque Determined","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93147-F","article-title":"Non-Invasive Detection of Endothelial Dysfunction in Children and Adults at Risk of Atherosclerosis","volume":"340","author":"Celermajer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u0107ka, S., Miodo\u0144ska, M., Jakubiak, G.K., Starzak, M., Cie\u015blar, G., and Stanek, A. (2022). Endothelial Function Assessment by Flow-Mediated Dilation Method: A Valuable Tool in the Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811242"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12696","article-title":"Dependency of Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation from Basal Nitric Oxide Activity","volume":"41","author":"Kannenkeril","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0098","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Reduced Flow Mediated Dilation Independent of Obesity Status","volume":"183","author":"Sprung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for Themanagement of Arterial Hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.028","article-title":"Efficacy of Combined Use of Three Non-Invasive Atherosclerosis Tests to Predict Vascular Events in the Elderly; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Flow-Mediated Dilation of Brachial Artery and Pulse Wave Velocity","volume":"231","author":"Nagai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"453264","article-title":"The Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs on Endothelial Function as Assessed by Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Hypertensive Patients","volume":"2012","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-019-01699-2","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction, Subclinical Atherosclerosis and LDL Cholesterol Are the Independent Predictors of Left Atrial Functions in Hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Durak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.047","article-title":"Flow-Mediated Dilation and Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis","volume":"168","author":"Ras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002270","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002270","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Brachial Artery and Fingertip Artery for Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20100448","article-title":"Impaired Flow-Mediated Dilatation Response in Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Influence of Shear Stress and Microvascular Reactivity","volume":"121","author":"Lockhart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0382","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826604","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.826604","article-title":"Effects of SGLT-2 Inhibitors on Vascular Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479164119883540","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164119883540","article-title":"Effect of Empagliflozin on Brachial Artery Shear Stress and Endothelial Function in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from an Exploratory Study","volume":"17","author":"Irace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739938","article-title":"Cardioprotective and Vasodilatory Actions of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Are Mediated through Both Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Pathways","volume":"117","author":"Ban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164255","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Sitagliptin and Glimepiride on Endothelial Function and Metabolic Parameters: Sapporo Athero-Incretin Study 1 (SAIS1)","volume":"11","author":"Nomoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-014-0110-2","article-title":"DPP-4 Inhibitor and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor Equally Improve Endothelial Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: EDGE Study","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115108","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Molecular Routes Underlying Endothelial Dysfunction: Novel Opportunities for Primary Prevention","volume":"202","author":"Benincasa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.07.010","article-title":"Greater Circulating DPP4 Activity Is Associated with Impaired Flow-Mediated Dilatation in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Barchetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1096","article-title":"How Does Empagliflozin Reduce Cardiovascular Mortality? Insights from a Mediation Analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial","volume":"41","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0564-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin on Vascular Endothelial Function and Glycemic Control in Patients with Early-Stage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: DEFENCE Study","volume":"16","author":"Shigiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232583","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1232583","article-title":"Effects of Newer Antidiabetic Drugs on Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Batzias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1003","article-title":"SAVOR-TINI53-Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"59","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12587","article-title":"Linagliptin Improves Endothelial Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Study of Linagliptin Effectiveness on Endothelial Function","volume":"8","author":"Shigiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0621-8","article-title":"Dapagliflozin Acutely Improves Endothelial Dysfunction, Reduces Aortic Stiffness and Renal Resistive Index in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study","volume":"16","author":"Solini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1353080","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Adding Either Vildagliptin or Glimepiride to Ongoing Metformin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.08.306","article-title":"Inhibition of DPP-4 by Alogliptin Improves Coronary Flow Reserve and Left Ventricular Systolic Function Evaluated by Phase Contrast Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"223","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0468-4","article-title":"Effect of Trelagliptin on Vascular Endothelial Functions and Serum Adiponectin Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Preliminary Single-Arm Prospective Pilot Study","volume":"15","author":"Ida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-017-0215-2","article-title":"Long-Term Saxagliptin Treatment Improves Endothelial Function but Not Pulse Wave Velocity and Intima-Media Thickness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"24","author":"Maloberti","year":"2017","journal-title":"High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2655","article-title":"Effect of Linagliptin on Vascular Function: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"101","author":"Baltzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.003277","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors Attenuate Endothelial Function as Evaluated by Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"2","author":"Ayaori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20841","article-title":"Effect of Atenolol vs Metoprolol Succinate on Vascular Function in Patients with Hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Heffernan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.11","article-title":"Olmesartan Improves Endothelial Function in Hypertensive Patients: Link with Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"34","author":"Takiguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01110210","article-title":"Combined Therapy with Renin-Angiotensin System and Calcium Channel Blockers in Type 2 Diabetic Hypertensive Patients with Proteinuria: Effects on Soluble TWEAK, PTX3, and Flow-Mediated Dilation","volume":"5","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.110262","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Support for Cognitive Processing in Hypertensive Patients Is Altered by Blood Pressure Treatment","volume":"52","author":"Jennings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01584-8","article-title":"Evolocumab on Top of Empagliflozin Improves Endothelial Function of Individuals with Diabetes: Randomized Active-Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Sposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz917","article-title":"Effects of Clopidogrel vs. Prasugrel vs. Ticagrelor on Endothelial Function, Inflammatory Parameters, and Platelet Function in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Coronary Artery Stenting: A Randomized, Blinded, Parallel Study","volume":"41","author":"Schnorbus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248419841640","article-title":"Ticagrelor Does Not Improve Endothelial Dysfunction in Stable Survivors of Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E011419","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011419","article-title":"Impact of Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel on Coronary Microvascular Function After Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"469169","article-title":"Inflammation but Not Endothelial Dysfunction Is Associated with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Dyslipidemic Subjects","volume":"2009","author":"Lahera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2017.04.119","article-title":"Arterial Function Parameters in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Severe Hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02898-x","article-title":"Serum Apolipoprotein A-IV Levels Are Associated with Flow-Mediated Dilation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet120","article-title":"Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"15","author":"Poulikakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01260211","article-title":"Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in End-Stage Renal Disease","volume":"6","author":"Verbeke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108559","article-title":"Arterial Endothelial Function, Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Diabetic and Nondiabetic CKD Stage 4\u20135 Patients Not on Dialysis","volume":"171","author":"Hellman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1159\/000509582","article-title":"Cardiovascular Determinants of Mortality in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"51","author":"Lankinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"OC35","article-title":"Flow Mediated Dilatation, Carotid Intima Media Thickness, Ankle Brachial Pressure Index and Pulse Pressure in Young Male Post Myocardial Infarction Patients in India","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.08.038","article-title":"Non-INvasive Functional and Anatomic Vascular Evaluation for the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease: The NINFA Study","volume":"322","author":"Mangiacapra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2018.0026","article-title":"The Relationship between Pulse Waveform Analysis Indices, Endothelial Function and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease Treated Using Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty during a One-Year Follow-up Period","volume":"27","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000057","article-title":"Effects of Clopidogrel Therapy on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Vascular Function, and Progenitor Cells in Stable Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"63","author":"Ramadan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820604","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.820604","article-title":"The Effect of Ticagrelor on Endothelial Function Compared to Prasugrel, Clopidogrel, and Placebo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.32912","article-title":"The Effect of Cilostazol on Endothelial Function as Assessed by Flow-Mediated Dilation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"23","author":"Mori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17431","article-title":"Physiological Adaptation of Endothelial Function to Pregnancy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"50","author":"Spaanderman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.03.126","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction Contributes to COVID-19-Associated Vascular Inflammation and Coagulopathy","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"319","article-title":"Evaluation of Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 With Flow-Mediated Dilatation","volume":"119","author":"Mansiroglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2326","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 with Impaired Endothelial Glycocalyx, Vascular Function and Myocardial Deformation 4 Months after Infection","volume":"23","author":"Lambadiari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2012.01154.x","article-title":"How Should Flow-Mediated Dilation Be Normalized to Its Stimulus?","volume":"33","author":"Stoner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.12.014","article-title":"The Use of Shear Rate-Diameter Dose-Response Curves as an Alternative to the Flow-Mediated Dilation Test","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"H508","article-title":"Flow-Mediated Dilation Stimulated by Sustained Increases in Shear Stress: A Useful Tool for Assessing Endothelial Function in Humans?","volume":"314","author":"Tremblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/22\/2499\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:28:50Z","timestamp":1760113730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/22\/2499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14222499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14222499","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]}}}