{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:02:31Z","timestamp":1791226951417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) has emerged as a significant issue in autoimmune diseases over recent decades. Its hallmark feature is thromboembolic events, potentially affecting any vascularized area including the microcirculation of the inner ear. Since the first case report of APS-related audiovestibular dysfunction described in 1993, numerous reports have explored the association between APS-related antibodies and audiovestibular dysfunction. These studies indicate a higher prevalence of APS-related antibodies in patients with sensorineural hearing loss compared to healthy controls. Unlike other idiopathic hearing loss disorders, audiovestibular dysfunction associated with APS may respond to appropriate treatments, highlighting the importance of timely recognition by clinicians to potentially achieve favorable outcomes. Therefore, this systematic review aims to consolidate current evidence on the characteristics, pathophysiology, assessment, and management of audiovestibular dysfunction linked to APS. Methods: This systematic review utilized electronic searches of the PubMed, Embase, ClinicalKey, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect online platforms. The initial search was performed on 27 January 2024, with the final update search completed on 20 June 2024. Results: Based on theoretical pathophysiology, anticoagulation emerges as a pivotal treatment strategy. Additionally, drawing from our preliminary data, we propose a modified protocol combining anticoagulants, steroids, and non-invasive brain stimulation to offer clinicians a novel therapeutic approach for managing these symptoms. Conclusions: Clinicians are encouraged to remain vigilant about the possibility of APS and its complex audiovestibular manifestations, as prompt intervention could stabilize audiovestibular function effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:46:54Z","timestamp":1731314814000},"page":"2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Audiovestibular Dysfunction Related to Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiann-Jy","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology & Neurology, Kaohsiung City 81166, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8650-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83340, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology & Neurology, Kaohsiung City 81166, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Yan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 80706, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5761-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping-Tao","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology & Neurology, Kaohsiung City 81166, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081314","article-title":"Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with mixed connective tissue disease: Immunological markers and cytokine levels","volume":"36","author":"Hajas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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