{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:40:59Z","timestamp":1792885259084,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Colombia MINCIENCIAS","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Universidad El Bosque","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Hospital Militar Central","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Cl\u00ednicos IPS","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Gastroadvanced","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Reumatolog\u00eda Fernando Chalem-Bogota, Colombia","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Investigaci\u00f3n y Biomedicina de Chihuahua, M\u00e9xico","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Annar Health Technologies, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Colombian Association of Rheumatology, in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]},{"name":"Colombian Association for Immunology","award":["130877757442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130877757442"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to establish a correlation between fecal calprotectin levels (FC) and intestinal inflammation in patients with spondyloarthritis without inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: A total of 180 SpA patients were included in the study of them 20.6% required Digital chromoendoscopy (DCE). FC, C-reactive protein (CRP), HLA-B*27 and clinical indices were assessed. Results: Positive fecal calprotectin (PFC) and high fecal calprotectin (HFC) levels were observed in 27.0% and 16.0% of patients, respectively. HFC correlated with a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) score &gt; 4.0 (p = 0.036) and a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score &gt; 4.0 (p = 0.047). Loss of vascular pattern in the ileum (LVPI) was observed in approximately 70.0% of patients (p = 0.005), which was associated with PFC and abdominal bloating (p = 0.020). LVPI was also linked to microscopic inflammation (p = 0.012) and PFC with abdominal pain (p = 0.007). HFC was significantly associated with alterations in the ileal mucosa (p = 0.009) and LVPI (p = 0.001). Additionally, HFC and diarrhea were associated with LVPI in 27.3% of patients (p = 0.037) and with erosions in the ileum (p = 0.031). Chronic ileal inflammation correlated with HFC (p = 0.015), ASDAS-CRP &gt; 2.1 (p = 0.09), LVPI (p = 0.001), and villous atrophy (p = 0.014). Factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) identified significant associations between micro\/macroscopic changes in chronic inflammation and HFC (CC = 0.837); increased levels of CRP and microscopic acute inflammation (CC = 0.792); and clinical activity scores of ASDAS-CRP and BASDAI (CC = 0.914). Conlusions: FC levels were significantly elevated in patients with SpA, particularly those with LVPI, suggesting their potential as a valuable biomarker for managing SpA when joint manifestations coincide with ileal villous atrophy. This indicates a shared immune pathway linked to chronic gut damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T13:03:14Z","timestamp":1731934994000},"page":"2591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Elevated Calprotectin Levels Reveal Loss of Vascular Pattern and Atrophy of Villi in Ileum by Digital Chromoendoscopy and Magnification Colonoscopy in Patients with Spondyloarthritis Without Having Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2441-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette","family":"De Avila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Fl\u00f3rez-Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"},{"name":"Gastroadvanced, Bogot\u00e1 110221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Parra-Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"},{"name":"Gastroadvanced, Bogot\u00e1 110221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-9542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilson","family":"Bautista-Molano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"},{"name":"Clinical Immunology Group, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Transversal 3\u00aa # 49-00, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magaly","family":"Chamorro-Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Group, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Transversal 3\u00aa # 49-00, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Ostos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Alejandro","family":"Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednicos IPS, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valery","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Chila-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ramos-Casallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. Cra 9 No. 131 A\u201302, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Bello-Gualtero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Group, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Transversal 3\u00aa # 49-00, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaiber","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology Group, Rheumatology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Transversal 3\u00aa # 49-00, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0793-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Pacheco-Tena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Investigaci\u00f3n y Biomedicina de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31205, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe Selim","family":"Chalem Choueka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Reumatolog\u00eda Fernando Chalem, Bogot\u00e1 111211, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6973-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology Group\u2013InmuBo, School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Av. 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