{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:09:27Z","timestamp":1777889367549,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Republic of Croatia","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.01.0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Research on calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in adult migraine is extensive, but its role in childhood migraine remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate serum CGRP levels in children experiencing migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) during interictal periods, comparing these levels to age-matched healthy controls. Methods: A total of 66 migraine patients, 59 with TTH, and 53 controls were recruited and stratified by headache onset age: under 7, 7\u201312, and over 12 years. CGRP levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The migraine patients showed significantly higher serum CGRP levels than both the TTH patients and the controls (p &lt; 0.001), with no significant difference between the latter two groups. Among the migraine patients, those without aura (MO) exhibited higher CGRP levels than those with aura (MA). The CGRP levels were lower in the. MA patients whose headaches began between ages 7 and 12 compared to the subjects with MO, while no significant differences were found in the patients whose headaches began after age 12. Conclusions: These findings suggest that elevated serum CGRP is indicative of pediatric migraine, with variations based on migraine type and age of onset. The difference in CGRP in preadolescent migraineurs with and without aura suggest that CGRP levels may vary depending on age and on migraine type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T05:21:32Z","timestamp":1732512092000},"page":"2645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide in Migraine and Tension-Type Headache in Children During Interictal Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jadranka","family":"Sekelj Fures","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlasta","family":"Duranovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2554-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasna","family":"Lenicek Krleza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"University Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 244, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, University of Applied Health Sciences Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9078-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Katusic Bojanac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Loncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6431-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Dakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4811-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Pejic-Rosko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2085-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Vulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Laboratory Genetics, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrijana","family":"Pilon-Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Simic Klaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"County General Hospital Po\u017eega, 34000 Po\u017eega, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1050-8","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of headache in children and adolescents in Austria\u2014A nationwide study in a representative sample of pupils aged 10\u201318\u2009years","volume":"20","author":"Philipp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412454226","article-title":"Behavioral and emotional symptoms and primary headaches in children: A population-based study","volume":"32","author":"Arruda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.21.06191-7","article-title":"Correlation between primary headaches and learning disabilities in children and adolescents","volume":"74","author":"Onofri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1998.1807449.x","article-title":"Evolution of headache in childhood and adolescence: An 8-year follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Guidetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13939","article-title":"Longitudinal Impact of Parent Factors in Adolescents With Migraine and Tension-Type Headache","volume":"60","author":"Law","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00497-6","article-title":"The childhood migraine syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Gelfand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01541-0","article-title":"Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Onofri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01402-2","article-title":"The global prevalence of headache: An update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates","volume":"23","author":"Stovner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0985-0","article-title":"Primary headaches during lifespan","volume":"20","author":"Straube","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01659-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national epidemiology of migraine and tension-type headache in youths and young adults aged 15-39 years from 1990 to 2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01832-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden and trends of migraine among youths and young adults aged 15-39 years from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01477-x","article-title":"The prevalence of primary headache disorders in children and adolescents in Zambia: A schools-based study","volume":"23","author":"Kawatu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01843-x","article-title":"The prevalence of headache disorders in children and adolescents in Benin: A schools-based study","volume":"25","author":"Adoukonou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01789-0","article-title":"The burdens attributable to primary headache disorders in children and adolescents in Iran: Estimates from a schools-based study","volume":"25","author":"Togha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01743-0","article-title":"The burden attributable to primary headache disorders in children and adolescents in Ethiopia: Estimates from a national schools-based study","volume":"25","author":"Zewde","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2018). The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia, 38, 1\u2013211.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.602","article-title":"Pediatric migraine and the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria","volume":"48","author":"Maytal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1994.1404285.x","article-title":"Migraine in children\u2014An evaluation of the IHS criteria","volume":"14","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1992.1204238.x","article-title":"Childhood migraine in general practice: Clinical features and characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Mortimer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.00260.x","article-title":"Use of the ICHD-II Criteria in the Diagnosis of Pediatric Migraine","volume":"45","author":"Hershey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0818-y","article-title":"Experts\u2019 opinion about the primary headache diagnostic criteria of the ICHD-3rd edition beta in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Faedda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01418.x","article-title":"Migraine pain location at onset and during established headaches in children and adolescents: A clinic-based study from eastern India","volume":"27","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0075-1","article-title":"Migraine pain location: How do children differ from adults?","volume":"9","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12810","article-title":"The Childhood and Adolescent Migraine Prevention (CHAMP) Study: A Report on Baseline Characteristics of Participants","volume":"56","author":"Powers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00257-2","article-title":"Tension-type headache","volume":"7","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13300","article-title":"A Phase-by-Phase Review of Migraine Pathophysiology","volume":"58","author":"Dodick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015","article-title":"Migraine: Multiple processes, complex pathophysiology","volume":"35","author":"Burstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1944.7.6.359","article-title":"Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex","volume":"7","author":"Leao","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.192","article-title":"Cortical spreading depression and migraine","volume":"9","author":"Charles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0511-10.2010","article-title":"Activation of meningeal nociceptors by cortical spreading depression: Implications for migraine with aura","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0202-136","article-title":"Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model","volume":"8","author":"Bolay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411398152","article-title":"Tracing neural connections to pain pathways with relevance to primary headaches","volume":"31","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.31","article-title":"Retrograde tracing of nerve fibers to the rat middle cerebral artery with true blue: Colocalization with different peptides","volume":"9","author":"Edvinsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13081","article-title":"The Trigeminovascular Pathway: Role of CGRP and CGRP Receptors in Migraine","volume":"57","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00188214","article-title":"Innervation of the dura mater encephali of cat and rat: Ultrastructure and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity","volume":"188","author":"Messlinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.60.82","article-title":"Neuropeptide effects in the trigeminal system: Pathophysiology and clinical relevance in migraine","volume":"60","author":"Messlinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt369","article-title":"Investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine attacks induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38","volume":"137","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002789","article-title":"The migraine postdrome: An electronic diary study","volume":"87","author":"Giffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000310","article-title":"The migraine postdrome","volume":"29","author":"Bose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01026.x","article-title":"The Postdrome of the Acute Migraine Attack","volume":"26","author":"Kelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1335","article-title":"Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic tension-type headache","volume":"55","author":"Ashina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-009-0110-x","article-title":"Plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide concentration is comparable to control group among migraineurs and tension type headache subjects during inter-ictal period","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00191.x","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels during nitric oxide-induced headache in patients with chronic tension-type headache","volume":"8","author":"Ashina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.08.017","article-title":"Interictal plasma pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide levels are decreased in migraineurs but remain unchanged in patients with tension-type headache","volume":"450","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90166-1","article-title":"Perivascular peptides relax cerebral arteries concomitant with stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation or release of an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the cat","volume":"58","author":"Edvinsson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/313054a0","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator","volume":"313","author":"Brain","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90045-X","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide is present in mammalian cerebrovascular nerve fibres and dilates pial and peripheral arteries","volume":"57","author":"Hanko","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(86)90218-4","article-title":"Human alpha- and beta-CGRP and rat alpha-CGRP are coronary vasodilators in the rat","volume":"7","author":"Holman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"S16","article-title":"Neurogenic inflammation in the pathophysiology and treatment of migraine","volume":"43","author":"Moskowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90819-F","article-title":"Effect of neurokinin A, substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide in peripheral hyperalgesia in the rat paw","volume":"124","author":"Gill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000831","article-title":"The role of calcitonin gene\u2013related peptide in peripheral and central pain mechanisms including migraine","volume":"158","author":"Iyengar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4542-06.2007","article-title":"Sensitization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors by receptor activity-modifying protein-1 in the trigeminal ganglion","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330109","article-title":"The trigeminovascular system and migraine: Studies characterizing cerebrovascular and neuropeptide changes seen in humans and cats","volume":"33","author":"Goadsby","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230214","article-title":"Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of humans and the cat during activation of the trigeminovascular system","volume":"23","author":"Goadsby","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280213","article-title":"Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache","volume":"28","author":"Goadsby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00146.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide metabolites, prostaglandins and trigeminal vasoactive peptides in internal jugular vein blood during spontaneous migraine attacks","volume":"20","author":"Sarchielli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.017","article-title":"Increased plasma substance P and CGRP levels, and high ACE activity in migraineurs during headache-free periods","volume":"128","author":"Fusayasu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00232-3","article-title":"Evidence for increased plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine outside of attacks","volume":"86","author":"Ashina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2002.00310.x","article-title":"CGRP may play a causative role in migraine","volume":"22","author":"Lassen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60323-6","article-title":"New drugs in migraine treatment and prophylaxis: Telcagepant and topiramate","volume":"376","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-29821995.1505384.x","article-title":"Vasoactive peptide levels in the plasma of young migraine patients with and without aura assessed both interictally and ictally","volume":"15","author":"Gallai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01816.x","article-title":"Plasma Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Diagnosing and Predicting Paediatric Migraine","volume":"29","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, P.C., Kuo, P.H., Lee, M.T., Chang, S.H., and Chiou, L.C. (2019). Plasma Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: A Potential Biomarker for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Responses in Pediatric Migraine. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00010"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01435-7","article-title":"CGRP and PACAP-38 play an important role in diagnosing pediatric migraine","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420957588","article-title":"Plasma levels of vasoactive neuropeptides in pediatric patients with migraine during attack and attack-free periods","volume":"41","author":"Hanci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamm, K. (2022). CGRP and Migraine: What Have We Learned From Measuring CGRP in Migraine Patients So Far?. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.930383"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2024, October 14). Bertin Bioreagent CGRP (Human) ELISA Kit. Available online: http:\/\/content.bertin-bioreagent.com\/spibio\/docs\/pdf\/A05481.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331024231206375","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231206375","article-title":"An exploratory analysis of clinical and sociodemographic factors in CGRP-induced migraine attacks: A REFORM study","volume":"43","author":"Ashina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(86)90003-2","article-title":"Perivascular noradrenergic and peptide-containing nerves show different patterns of changes during development and ageing in the guinea-pig","volume":"16","author":"Dhall","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412455710","article-title":"Different trigemino-vascular responsiveness between adolescent and adult rats in a migraine model","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05781-0","article-title":"Serum CGRP, VIP, and PACAP usefulness in migraine: A case-control study in chronic migraine patients in real clinical practice","volume":"47","author":"Iglesias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01500.x","article-title":"Is the cerebral cortex hyperexcitable or hyperresponsive in migraine?","volume":"27","author":"Coppola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420981666","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic migraine","volume":"41","author":"Iljazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1704488.x","article-title":"A 40-year follow-up of school children with migraine","volume":"17","author":"Bille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/23\/2645\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:21Z","timestamp":1760114301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/23\/2645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14232645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14232645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]}}}