{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:45:22Z","timestamp":1765233922438,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) severity is correlated with systemic infection incidence in the acute phase, and it is important to assess inflammation during the disease course and to recognize infection at an early stage. As in sepsis, inflammation in AP impairs tissue oxygen metabolism and disrupts microcirculation. We performed a vascular occlusion test (VOT) via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which noninvasively monitors local oxygen in peripheral tissues, to evaluate tissue oxygen metabolism and blood circulation during the acute AP phase. Methods: Tissue oxygen metabolism was measured via an NIRS probe attached to the thenar eminence at admission and 7 days after admission. The upper arm was wrapped with a sphygmomanometer cuff while avoiding brachial artery compression for 3 min. The minimum desaturation value was defined as the minimum tissue oxygen index (TOI), the maximum reactive hyperemia value after release was defined as the maximum TOI, and the difference was defined as the \u2206TOI. The time from the minimum TOI to maximum TOI was defined as the TOI interval. Results: Fifteen healthy volunteers, 13 patients with AP, and 12 patients with sepsis were included. The TOI at baseline and \u2206TOI (parameter describing tissue oxygen metabolism) decreased in a stepwise manner, and the TOI interval (measure of peripheral vasodilatory capacity) was protracted in a stepwise manner among the three groups. In a subgroup analysis, no significant differences in the NIRS-derived variables between patients with AP complicated by infection and those without infection were observed at admission; however, after 7 days, the groups significantly differed. Additionally, blood lactate concentrations were significantly correlated with the \u2206TOI and TOI. Conclusions: Mild tissue oxygen metabolism impairment and tissue perfusion occurred in AP compared with sepsis, and changes similar to those in sepsis occur in AP complicated by infection. Further research is needed to evaluate whether these values can be applied to treating this group of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1732515919000},"page":"2647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to Assess Infection Complications During the Acute Phase of Acute Pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Chiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Yagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6756-4773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minori","family":"Mizuochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosaku","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18036","article-title":"New insights into regulatory cell death and acute pancreatitis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31310-6","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis","volume":"396","author":"Boxhoom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302779","article-title":"Classification of acute pancreatitis 2012: Revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus","volume":"62","author":"Banks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400308","article-title":"A brief history of pancreatitis","volume":"94","author":"Kingsnorth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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