{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:22:10Z","timestamp":1788279730987,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003696","name":"Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24PD1210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24PD1210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003696","name":"Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24ZD1140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZD1140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: To date, most intradialytic hypotension (IDH) studies have proposed technologies to comprehensively predict the occurrence of IDH using the patient\u2019s baseline information and ultrafiltration (UF) information, but it is difficult to apply the technologies while identifying the patient\u2019s condition in real time. Methods: In this study, we propose an IDH indicator that uses heart rate (HR) change information to identify the patient\u2019s condition in real time and visually shows whether IDH has occurred. The data used were collected from 40 dialysis patients in a clinical trial conducted in the Artificial Kidney Unit at Yeungnam University Medical Center, Korea, from 18 July to 29 November 2023. Results: The IDH indicator infers changes in the patient\u2019s blood pressure during dialysis by analyzing the upper and lower maximum HRs based on the real-time average HR. Medical staff can respond to IDH in real time by looking at the IDH indicator, which visually expresses changes in the patient\u2019s HR. In addition, we propose a multilayer perceptron structure that inputs upper and lower maximum HR information based on the average HR for the time interval accumulated in real time. In learning using 40 min of data up to 5 min before IDH occurred, models using two and five layers showed excellent performance, with accuracy of 88.6% and 85.2%, respectively. Conclusions: By combining IDH visual indicators and the multi-layer perceptron method, medical staff can effectively respond to IDH in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T04:20:12Z","timestamp":1732681212000},"page":"2664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Visual Indicator for Intradialytic Hypotension Prediction Using Variation and Compensation of Heart Rate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Wuk","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu-Gyeongbuk Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2417-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kee-Koo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu-Gyeongbuk Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu-Gyeongbuk Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm019","article-title":"EBPG guideline on haemodynamic instability","volume":"22","author":"Kooman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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