{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T03:52:19Z","timestamp":1767844339661,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (TW)","award":["NSTC 112-2410-H-002 -174 -MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2410-H-002 -174 -MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hospital-at-home (HaH) model delivers hospital-level acute care, including diagnostics, monitoring, and treatments, in a patient\u2019s home. It is particularly effective for managing conditions such as pneumonia. Point-of-care ultrasonography (PoCUS) is a key diagnostic tool in the HaH model, and it often serves as a substitute for imaging-based diagnosis in the HaH setting. Both standard and handheld ultrasound equipment are suitable for lung ultrasound (LUS) evaluation. Curvelinear and linear probes are typically used. Patient positioning depends on their clinical condition and specific diagnostic protocols. To enhance sensitivity, we recommend using at least 10-point protocols supported by studies for pneumonia. Five essential LUS patterns should be identified, including A-line, multiple B-lines (alveolar-interstitial syndrome), confluent B-lines, subpleural consolidation, and consolidation with air bronchogram. Pleural effusion is common, and its internal echogenicity can indicate severity and the need for invasive procedures. The current evidence on various etiologies and types of pneumonia is limited, but LUS demonstrates good sensitivity in detecting abnormal sonographic patterns in atypical pneumonia, tuberculosis, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Further LUS studies in the HaH setting are required to validate and generalize the findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14242799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T03:51:08Z","timestamp":1734061868000},"page":"2799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ten Questions on Using Lung Ultrasonography to Diagnose and Manage Pneumonia in the Hospital-at-Home Model: Part I\u2014Techniques and Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4997-1081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nin-Chieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 103212, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwan Association of Hospital Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwan Association of Hospital Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0689-8339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Bin","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 103212, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taiwan Association of Hospital Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tung-Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8832-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hao","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2562","article-title":"Association of a Bundled Hospital-at-Home and 30-Day Postacute Transitional Care Program with Clinical Outcomes and Patient Experiences","volume":"178","author":"Federman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. 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