{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:31:14Z","timestamp":1783571474835,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patellar pathologies are a common cause of knee dysfunction, with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) alone responsible for 25% of knee-related visits to sports medicine clinics. Non-traumatic conditions, while often overlooked, can also lead to significant discomfort and functional limitations, highlighting the importance of accurate and timely diagnosis for effective management and prevention of complications. This pictorial review examines the radiologic characteristics of various non-traumatic patellar disorders, focusing on imaging modalities such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Key diagnostic markers, including patellar tilt, tibial tuberosity\u2013trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), and congruence angle (CA), are discussed for their significance in non-traumatic pathology identification. Furthermore, this review highlights specific radiologic features for a range of non-traumatic patellar conditions, including patellar tendinopathy, chondromalacia patellae, and trochlear dysplasia, emphasizing how distinct radiologic findings facilitate precise diagnosis and clinical assessment. Ultimately, it provides a practical guide for clinicians in diagnosing non-traumatic patellar pathologies through a comprehensive review of key radiologic features while also discussing advancements in imaging technologies and management strategies to support accurate diagnosis and effective clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14242828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"2828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Patellar Non-Traumatic Pathologies: A Pictorial Review of Radiologic Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Masroori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Haseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"},{"name":"OncoRad Research Core, Department of Radiology, University of Washington\/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elahe","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Pouramini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Azhideh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Kafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Chalian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"},{"name":"OncoRad Research Core, Department of Radiology, University of Washington\/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19675","article-title":"Evaluation and Treatment of Knee Pain: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Duong","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-014-0044-3","article-title":"Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: An Update","volume":"2","author":"Hryvniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09626-y","article-title":"Patellofemoral Mechanics: A Review of Pathomechanics and Research Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Wheatley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1313741","article-title":"The Basic Science of the Patella: Structure, Composition, and Function","volume":"25","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wolfe, S., Varacallo, M., Thomas, J.D., Carroll, J.J., and Kahwaji, C.I. (2024, December 03). Patellar Instability, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482427\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111399372","article-title":"Patellofemoral Disorders","volume":"3","author":"Parikh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3042","article-title":"Recent Advances in MRI of Articular Cartilage","volume":"193","author":"Gold","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1348-2122","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of Patellofemoral Instability","volume":"193","author":"Maas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.20.217","article-title":"Fabella and patella variants: Radiographic prevalence, distribution and clinical relevance in a population of black African descent","volume":"54","author":"Adedigba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246902","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-246902","article-title":"Bilateral multipartite patellae avulsions associated with a unilateral quadriceps tendon rupture","volume":"14","author":"Miles","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.24123","article-title":"Multipartite patella: A review of diagnostic techniques and management of the symptomatic patient","volume":"37","author":"McKee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"725","article-title":"Painful bipartite patella following injury: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Belgadir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e491","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2019.91163","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of bipartite patella: Usefulness and relationship with symptoms","volume":"84","author":"Akdag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967116665580","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116665580","article-title":"Dorsal Defect of the Patella in a Teenage Male Football Player: A Case Report and Differential Diagnosis of Lytic Patellar Lesion","volume":"4","author":"Gerrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2335-5","article-title":"Successful conservative management of symptomatic bilateral dorsal patellar defects presenting with cartilage involvement and bone marrow edema: MRI findings","volume":"45","author":"Kwee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603517715736","article-title":"Osteochondritis Dissecans: Etiology, Pathology, and Imaging with a Special Focus on the Knee Joint","volume":"9","author":"Bruns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0292-7","article-title":"Long-term results after operative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee joint\u201430 Year results","volume":"32","author":"Michael","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Salvo, S., Pavone, V., Coco, S., Dell\u2019Agli, E., Blatti, C., and Testa, G. (2022). Benign Bone Tumors: An Overview of What We Know Today. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030699"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hayat, Z., El Bitar, Y., and Case, J.L. (2024, December 03). Patella Dislocation, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538288\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199411000-00004","article-title":"Radiological measurements in patellofemoral disorders. A review","volume":"308","author":"Beaconsfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-020-04652-4","article-title":"Acute instability of the patella: Is magnetic resonance imaging mandatory?","volume":"44","author":"Saragaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.12.001","article-title":"Acute traumatic patellar dislocation","volume":"101","author":"Duthon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e3182553cfe","article-title":"Imaging in patellofemoral instability: An abnormality-based approach","volume":"20","author":"Saggin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115604156","article-title":"How to Deal with Chronic Patellar Instability","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2275-3","article-title":"Knee joint anterior malalignment and patellofemoral osteoarthritis: An MRI study","volume":"22","author":"Tsavalas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0755-1","article-title":"Patellar maltracking: An update on the diagnosis and treatment strategies","volume":"10","author":"Jibri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.-C. (2023). Patellar malalignment: A common disorder associated with knee pain. Biomed. J., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100658"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200209000-00026","article-title":"Gender differences in patellofemoral joint biomechanics","volume":"402","author":"Csintalan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200011000-00019","article-title":"Patellar Malalignment","volume":"82","author":"Grelsamer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. JBJS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(2000)13:3<199::AID-CA7>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Tibial tubercle position and patellar height as indicators of malalignment in women with anterior knee pain","volume":"13","author":"Sindel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0933-8","article-title":"The sulcus deepening trochleoplasty\u2014The Lyon\u2019s procedure","volume":"34","author":"DeJour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31803035ae","article-title":"Osteotomies in patello-femoral instabilities","volume":"15","author":"Dejour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.5.1791159","article-title":"Grading articular cartilage of the knee using fast spin-echo proton density-weighted MR imaging without fat suppression","volume":"179","author":"Sonin","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechter, J., Macalena, J.A., and Arendt, E.A. (2014). Lateral patella dislocations: History, physical exam, and imaging. The Patellofemoral Joint in the Athlete, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4157-1_2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9481-4","article-title":"Use of TT-PCL versus TT-TG","volume":"11","author":"Brady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000977724.84515.ff","article-title":"Anterior knee pain in young athletes: Osgood Schlatter or Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease?","volume":"36","author":"Ziskin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Smith, J.M., and Varacallo, M. (2024, December 03). Osgood-Schlatter Disease, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441995\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17996","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17996","article-title":"Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. Clinical features, imaging findings, conservative treatments and research perspectives: A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Taraszkiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185116631662","article-title":"A Hitherto Unknown Affection of the Patella in Children","volume":"57","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.293085163","article-title":"Injuries and Conditions of the Extensor Mechanism of the Pediatric Knee","volume":"29","author":"Dupuis","year":"2009","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbi, F., Matas, S., \u00c1lvarez-Herms, J., Sitko, S., Baiget, E., Reverter-Masia, J., and L\u00f3pez-Laval, I. (2022). Osgood-Schlatter Disease: Appearance, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10061011"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5792\/ksrr.2016.28.1.62","article-title":"Correlation between Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of the Patellar Tendon and Clinical Scores in Osgood-Schlatter Disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-002-0486-z","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of Osgood-Schlatter disease: The course of the disease","volume":"31","author":"Hirano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.3.1438775","article-title":"Osgood-Schlatter lesion: Fracture or tendinitis? Scintigraphic, CT, and MR imaging features","volume":"185","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, G., Shimomura, K., and Nakamura, N. (2020). Osteochondral Injury, Management and Tissue Engineering Approaches. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.580868"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70308-2","article-title":"Chondral and osteochondral injuries. Diagnosis and management","volume":"20","author":"Farmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1625956","article-title":"Osteochondral Injuries of the Knee in Pediatric Patients","volume":"31","author":"Bauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70305-7","article-title":"Imaging of osteochondral injuries","volume":"20","author":"Loredo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/00002142-199812000-00004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of chondral and osteochondral injuries","volume":"9","author":"Rubin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02229-4","article-title":"Outcome and experience of arthroscopic lateral retinacular release combined with lateral patelloplasty in the management of excessive lateral pressure syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-6410","article-title":"Novel method for diagnosing lateral patellar compression syndrome using X-ray: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2018.10.009","article-title":"Prevalence of excessive lateral pressure syndrome in varus osteoarthritic candidates for high tibial osteotomy","volume":"25","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-010-0909-1","article-title":"A systematised MRI approach to evaluating the patellofemoral joint","volume":"40","author":"Chhabra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2014.07.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Saper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"27","article-title":"Patellofemoral malalignment and chondral damage: Current concepts","volume":"1","author":"Mazzola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joints"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3174-3","article-title":"Medial patellofemoral ligament avulsion injury at the patella: Classification and clinical outcome","volume":"22","author":"Salonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.069112","article-title":"The effect of real-time gait retraining on hip kinematics, pain and function in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Noehren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702358","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/702358","article-title":"Clinical and Functional Outcomes following Primary Repair versus Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament for Recurrent Patellar Instability","volume":"2014","author":"Tompkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Hsu, H., and Siwiec, R.M. (2024, December 04). Patellar Tendon Rupture, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513275\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.135.4.803","article-title":"Patellar tendon rupture with underlying systemic disease","volume":"135","author":"Kricun","year":"1980","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24.00060","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00060","article-title":"Acute Patellar Tendon Ruptures: An Update on Management","volume":"8","author":"Brinkman","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03572-4","article-title":"Clinical and biomechanical outcomes following patellar tendon repair with suture tape augmentation","volume":"33","author":"Hinz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12210","article-title":"Radiographic Features of Acute Patellar Tendon Rupture","volume":"7","author":"Fazal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00703","article-title":"Patellar Tendinopathy: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Figueroa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504270454","article-title":"Prevalence of jumper\u2019s knee among elite athletes from different sports: A cross-sectional study","volume":"33","author":"Lian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0049.21","article-title":"Clinical Management of Patellar Tendinopathy","volume":"57","author":"Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"535","article-title":"Rehabilitation of patellar tendinopathy","volume":"20","author":"Muaidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506294858","article-title":"Comparative accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in confirming clinically diagnosed patellar tendinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Warden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092275","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the patellar tendon in elite volleyball players with and without patellar tendinopathy","volume":"47","author":"Helland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-0926-9","article-title":"Quadriceps tendinosis and patellar tendinosis in professional beach volleyball players: Sonographic findings in correlation with clinical symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Pfirrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.02.005","article-title":"Imaging the infrapatellar tendon in the elite athlete","volume":"61","author":"Peace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Habusta, S.F., Coffey, R., Ponnarasu, S., Mabrouk, A., and Griffin, E.E. (2024, December 04). Chondromalacia Patella, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459195\/."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"755","article-title":"Prevalence of chondromalacia patella according to patella type and patellofemoral geometry: A retrospective study","volume":"140","author":"Dursun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"370","article-title":"A correlative study between prevalence of chondromalacia patellae and sports injury in 4068 students","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02478-4","article-title":"Chondromalacia patellae: Current options and emerging cell therapies","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.186.3.8430194","article-title":"Synovial plicae and chondromalacia patellae: Correlation of results of CT arthrography with results of arthroscopy","volume":"186","author":"Hodge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-160536","article-title":"The relation between chondromalacia patella and meniscal tear and the sulcus angle\/ trochlear depth ratio as a powerful predictor","volume":"30","author":"Resorlu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Williams, C.H., Jamal, Z., and Sternard, B.T. (2024, December 04). Bursitis, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513340\/."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Rishor-Olney, C.R., Taqi, M., and Pozun, A. (2024, December 03). Prepatellar Bursitis, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557508\/."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-013-1882-7","article-title":"Prepatellar and olecranon bursitis: Literature review and development of a treatment algorithm","volume":"134","author":"Baumbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/2156-7514.80374","article-title":"Imaging of the Bursae","volume":"1","author":"Hirji","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Imaging Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"e10398","article-title":"Housemaid\u2019s Knee (Prepatellar Septic Bursitis)","volume":"12","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-021-03853-9","article-title":"Management of septic and aseptic prepatellar bursitis: A systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2018.10.006","article-title":"Management of septic bursitis","volume":"86","author":"Lormeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-89-1-21","article-title":"Septic bursitis in the prepatellar and olecranon bursae: An analysis of 25 cases","volume":"89","author":"Ho","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"224","article-title":"Common Superficial Bursitis","volume":"95","author":"Khodaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201106000-00006","article-title":"Four common types of bursitis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Aaron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2021.11.005","article-title":"MR Imaging of the Knee Bursae and Bursal Pathology","volume":"30","author":"Vicentini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200407000-00020","article-title":"The deep infrapatellar bursa: Prevalence and morphology on routine magnetic resonance imaging of the knee","volume":"28","author":"Aydingoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e22057","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Deep Infrapatellar Bursitis Complicated by Patellar Tendinopathy and its Evaluation with Musculoskeletal Ultrasound","volume":"14","author":"Jena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-017-0479-7","article-title":"Treatment of Osgood-Schlatter disease: Review of the literature","volume":"101","author":"Circi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.95400","article-title":"Bursae around the knee joints","volume":"22","author":"Chatra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2012.10.005","article-title":"Imaging of cysts and bursae about the knee","volume":"51","author":"Steinbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-015-0168-z","article-title":"Knee bursitis: A sonographic evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Draghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.901.707","article-title":"Primary haematogenous osteomyelitis of the patella: A rare cause for anterior knee pain in an adult","volume":"76","author":"Kankate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1780689","article-title":"Patella Osteomyelitis Mimicking Sinding-Larsen and Johansson Apophysitis: A Pitfall Not to Miss","volume":"2020","author":"Traverso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200108000-00006","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the patella","volume":"389","author":"Roy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Cox, C.F., Sinkler, M.A., Black, A.C., Launico, M.V., and Hubbard, J.B. (2024, December 03). Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Knee Patella, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519534\/."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014206630","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-206630","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the patella: Ensure a high index of suspicion and beware the negative aspirate","volume":"2014","author":"Berg","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e328348da5b","article-title":"Hematogenous osteomyelitis of the patella","volume":"21","author":"Herrera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop. B"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nihpa116823","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2008.12.11","article-title":"Osteomyelitis: Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Fritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.07.016","article-title":"Acute osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and discitis: Differences between neonates and older children","volume":"60","author":"Offiah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i8.530","article-title":"Role of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients","volume":"6","author":"Pugmire","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2016.04.01","article-title":"The imaging of osteomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-023-00565-x","article-title":"Comparison Between Early-Onset and Common Gout: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Amatucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_144_23","article-title":"The inflammation process of gout arthritis and its treatment","volume":"14","author":"Parisa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.03.007","article-title":"The broad spectrum of urate crystal deposition: Unusual presentations of gouty tophi","volume":"42","author":"Forbess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2016.07.002","article-title":"Tophaceous gout with rare involvement of the patella","volume":"11","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215315","article-title":"2018 Updated European League Against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of gout","volume":"79","author":"Richette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208237","article-title":"2015 Gout classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"74","author":"Neogi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"20","article-title":"Imaging of gout: Findings and pitfalls. A pictorial review","volume":"45","author":"Afonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol. Port."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1785471","article-title":"Advanced Imaging of Gout and Other Inflammatory Diseases Around the Knee","volume":"28","author":"Teh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.004","article-title":"Imaging in the crystal arthropathies","volume":"40","author":"McQueen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202786","article-title":"Tendon involvement in the feet of patients with gout: A dual-energy CT study","volume":"72","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-205095","article-title":"Dual-energy CT for the diagnosis of gout: An accuracy and diagnostic yield study","volume":"74","author":"Bongartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Has Additional Prognostic Value Over Clinical Measures in Gout Including Tophi: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"49","author":"Stauder","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.08.030","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Dual-energy CT Versus Ultrasonography in Gout: A Meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181e92c38","article-title":"Tophaceous gout of the knee: Revisiting MRI patterns in 30 patients","volume":"16","author":"Ko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3489","article-title":"Imaging in gout\u2014What can we learn from MRI, CT, DECT and US?","volume":"13","author":"McQueen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1180-x","article-title":"Tumour and tumour-like lesions of the patella\u2014A multicentre experience","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220162403159158","article-title":"Tumors of the patella: The experience of Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology at University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Baptista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"190","article-title":"Primary and Metastatic Bone Tumors of the Patella: Literature Review and Institutional Experience","volume":"10","author":"Yeung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200108000-00007","article-title":"Patellar tumors","volume":"389","author":"Mercuri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3941\/jrcr.v16i6.4484","article-title":"Lucent Patellar Lesions: A Pictorial Review","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-0573-y","article-title":"Primary tumors of the patella","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Niu, N., Shi, J., Zhang, X., Zhu, X., Wang, J., and Liu, C. (2021). Chondroblastoma of the patella with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst, an easily misdiagnosed bone tumor:a case report with literature review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04262-0"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"e1690","article-title":"Giant Cell Tumor of the Patellar Tendon Sheath: A Rare Case of Anterior Knee Pain","volume":"9","author":"Kose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2212010262","article-title":"Primary treatment of chondroblastoma with percutaneous radio-frequency heat ablation: Report of three cases","volume":"221","author":"Erickson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Patellar metastasis from primary tumor","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-023-00339-8","article-title":"Improved accuracy and precision of fat-suppressed isotropic 3D T2 mapping MRI of the knee with dictionary fitting and patch-based denoising","volume":"7","author":"Kuhn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, G., Gao, S., and Xiong, B. (2023). Application of quantitative T1, T2 and T2* mapping magnetic resonance imaging in cartilage degeneration of the shoulder joint. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31644-2"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06671-6","article-title":"Quantitative DCE-MRI demonstrates increased blood perfusion in Hoffa\u2019s fat pad signal abnormalities in knee osteoarthritis, but not in patellofemoral pain","volume":"30","author":"Poot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0642-1","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography: Compression elastography and shear-wave elastography in the assessment of tendon injury","volume":"9","author":"Rebelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.J., Ng, G.Y., Lee, W.C., and Fu, S.N. (2014). Changes in morphological and elastic properties of patellar tendon in athletes with unilateral patellar tendinopathy and their relationships with pain and functional disability. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108337"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.06.003","article-title":"A soft patellar tendon on ultrasound elastography is associated with pain and functional deficit in volleyball players","volume":"19","author":"Ooi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2018.08.017","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography of the patellar tendon in young, asymptomatic sedentary and moderately active individuals","volume":"54","author":"Berko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-024-00422-8","article-title":"AI applications in musculoskeletal imaging: A narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Gitto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"68","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Initial Treatment of Patellofemoral Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Merchant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09685-1","article-title":"Surgical Management of Osteochondral Defects of the Knee: An Educational Review","volume":"14","author":"Howell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508320480","article-title":"Arthroscopic release for symptomatic scarring of the anterior interval of the knee","volume":"36","author":"Steadman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-022-01993-0","article-title":"Epidemiology, classification and treatment of patella fractures: An observational study of 3194 fractures from the Swedish Fracture Register","volume":"48","author":"Kruse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/24\/2828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:05Z","timestamp":1760115185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/24\/2828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14242828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14242828","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}