{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T23:54:40Z","timestamp":1785196480660,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The piriform cortex (PC) plays a pivotal role in the onset and propagation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), making it a potential target for therapeutic interventions. This review delves into the anatomy and epileptogenic connections of the PC, highlighting its significance in seizure initiation and resistance to pharmacological treatments. Despite its importance, the PC remains underexplored in surgical approaches for TLE. We examine the specific neuroanatomy of the PC as well as the limitations of current imaging techniques and surgical interventions, emphasizing the need for improved imaging protocols to safely target the PC, especially in minimally invasive procedures. Furthermore, the PC\u2019s proximity to vital structures, such as the lenticulostriate arteries, presents challenges that must be addressed in future research. By developing multimodal imaging techniques and refining surgical strategies, the PC could emerge as a crucial node in improving seizure freedom outcomes for TLE patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14242838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T08:17:00Z","timestamp":1734423420000},"page":"2838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Little-Known Ribbon-Shaped Piriform Cortex: A Key Node in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy\u2014Anatomical Insights and Its Potential for Surgical Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Ochoa-Lantigua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhinson","family":"Moreira-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeurALL Research Group, Quito 170157, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Alejandra","family":"Garc\u00eda R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo (UNACH), Riobamba 060108, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose A.","family":"Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Escuela de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8130-6460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose E.","family":"Leon-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas (UDLA), Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE Official Report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s10309-018-0216-8","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"31","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z. Epileptol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004418","article-title":"Drug-Resistant Epilepsy","volume":"365","author":"Kwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12220","article-title":"International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: A Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods","volume":"54","author":"Thom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703784","article-title":"Histopathological Findings in Brain Tissue Obtained during Epilepsy Surgery","volume":"377","author":"Blumcke","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01551.x","article-title":"Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Clinical and neuropathologic findings of familial and sporadic forms","volume":"49","author":"Velasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01579.x","article-title":"The prevalence of epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults: A population-based study in a Western European country","volume":"49","author":"Picot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450501","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Surgery for Temporal-Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"345","author":"Wiebe","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, S., Nolan, S.J., Cotton, J., Gandhi, S., Weston, J., Sudan, A., Ramirez, R., and Newton, R. (2015). Surgery for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010541.pub2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317783","article-title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis of resective surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"89","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12322","article-title":"Temporal lobe surgery in Germany from 1988 to 2008, Diverse trends in etiological subgroups","volume":"21","author":"Helmstaedter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13920","article-title":"Rates and predictors of success and failure in repeat epilepsy surgery: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Krucoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harroud, A., Bouthillier, A., Weil, A.G., and Nguyen, D.K. (2012). Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery Failures: A Review. Epilepsy Res. Treat., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/201651"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0204","article-title":"Association of piriform cortex resection with surgical outcomes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Koepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughan, D.N., and Jackson, G.D. (2014). The piriform cortex and human focal epilepsy. Front. Neurol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00259"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, J.C., Vaughan, D.N., Nasser, H.M., and Jackson, G.D. (2019). Anatomical imaging of the piriform cortex in epilepsy. Exp. Neurol., 320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113013"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"319","article-title":"MR volumetric analysis of the piriform cortex and cortical amygdala in drug-refractory temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"716","article-title":"Resection of the piriform cortex for temporal lobe epilepsy: A Novel approach on imaging segmentation and surgical application","volume":"38","author":"Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, S., Leon-Rojas, J.E., Galovic, M., Vos, S.B., Hammers, A., de Tisi, J., Koepp, M.J., and Duncan, J.S. (2022). Volumetric analysis of the piriform cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res., 185, Available online: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092012112200122X.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2022.106971"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00614-B","article-title":"Susceptibility of different cell layers of the anterior and posterior part of the piriform cortex to electrical stimulation and kindling: Comparison with the basolateral amygdala and \u201carea tempestas\u201d","volume":"66","author":"Ebert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/10.2.219","article-title":"Neuronal circuitry in olfactory cortex: Anatomy and functional implications","volume":"10","author":"Haberly","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Curtis, M., Uva, L., L\u00e9vesque, M., Biella, G., and Avoli, M. (2019). Piriform cortex ictogenicity in vitro. Exp. Neurol., 321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113014"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S50371","article-title":"Animal models of epilepsy: Use and limitations","volume":"10","author":"Kandratavicius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990614)408:4<532::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Intrinsic and efferent connections of the endopiriform nucleus in rat","volume":"408","author":"Behan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902660211","article-title":"Distribution and ultrastructure of neurons in opossum piriform cortex displaying immunoreactivity to GABA and GAD and high-affinity tritiated GABA uptake","volume":"266","author":"Haberly","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00036-6","article-title":"The role of the piriform cortex in kindling","volume":"50","author":"Loscher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90855-X","article-title":"ucb L059, a novel anti-convulsant drug: Pharmacological profile in animals","volume":"222","author":"Gower","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"264","article-title":"Subcortical structures and pathways involved in convulsive seizure generation","volume":"9","author":"Gale","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. Publ. Am. Electroencephalogr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3008.x","article-title":"GABAergic mechanisms in epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Treiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.10.102","article-title":"mRNA expression of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (arc) in the amygdala-kindled rats","volume":"1189","author":"Akiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(88)90103-3","article-title":"Amygdala kindling and c-fos protein(s)","volume":"102","author":"Dragunow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/329441a0","article-title":"Kindling stimulation induces c-fos protein(s) in granule cells of the rat dentate gyrus","volume":"329","author":"Dragunow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vismer, M.S., Forcelli, P.A., Skopin, M.D., Gale, K., and Koubeissi, M.Z. (2015). The piriform, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortex in seizure generation. Front. Neural Circuits, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2015.00027"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00071-1","article-title":"Delayed development of spontaneous seizures and prolonged convulsive state in rats after massed stimulation of the anterior piriform cortex","volume":"754","author":"Timofeeva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.5.2727","article-title":"Voltage Imaging of Epileptiform Activity in Slices From Rat Piriform Cortex: Onset and Propagation","volume":"80","author":"Demir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1988.tb05795.x","article-title":"Progression and Generalization of Seizure Discharge: Anatomical and Neurochemical Substrates","volume":"29","author":"Gale","year":"1988","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00407-3","article-title":"Bilateral lesions of the central but not anterior or posterior parts of the piriform cortex retard amygdala kindling in rats","volume":"101","author":"Schwabe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.09.004","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the piriform cortex for the treatment of epilepsy: A review of the supporting evidence","volume":"88","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000568","article-title":"Neuroimaging in epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Sidhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2629-1","article-title":"Imaging of the epilepsies","volume":"15","author":"Urbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0395-6","article-title":"International consensus recommendations on the diagnostic work-up for malformations of cortical development","volume":"16","author":"Oegema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.627","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of cryptogenic and acquired partial epilepsies","volume":"124","author":"Eriksson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03088.x","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging tractography to visualize the relationship of the optic radiation to epileptogenic lesions prior to neurosurgery","volume":"52","author":"Winston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02310.x","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry of sporadic epileptic patients with mesiotemporal sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Labate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02324.x","article-title":"An optimized voxel-based morphometric study of gray matter changes in patients with left-sided and right-sided mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE\/HS)","volume":"51","author":"Pail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02022.x","article-title":"Automated normalized FLAIR imaging in MRI-negative patients with refractory focal epilepsy","volume":"50","author":"Focke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.068","article-title":"Automated MR image classification in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"59","author":"Focke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.4.1001","article-title":"Hippocampal volumetric and morphometric studies in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"115","author":"Cook","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12408","article-title":"Automated hippocampal segmentation in patients with epilepsy: Available free online","volume":"54","author":"Winston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13843","article-title":"Automated T2 relaxometry of the hippocampus for temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"58","author":"Winston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2013.02.006","article-title":"STEPS: Similarity and Truth Estimation for Propagated Segmentations and its application to hippocampal segmentation and brain parcelation","volume":"17","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.828354","article-title":"Simultaneous Truth and Performance Level Estimation (STAPLE): An Algorithm for the Validation of Image Segmentation","volume":"23","author":"Warfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12308","article-title":"Overview of presurgical assessment and surgical treatment of epilepsy from the Italian League Against Epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Guerrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003532","article-title":"Practice guideline summary: Use of fMRI in the presurgical evaluation of patients with epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"88","author":"Szaflarski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.033","article-title":"EEG-fMRI correlation patterns in the presurgical evaluation of focal epilepsy: A comparison with electrocorticographic data and surgical outcome measures","volume":"75","author":"Leijten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"300","article-title":"Methods and utility of EEG-fMRI in epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Lemieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00383-X","article-title":"Brain imaging in the assessment for epilepsy surgery","volume":"15","author":"Duncan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffari-Rafi, A., and Leon-Rojas, J. (2020). Investigatory pathway and principles of patient selection for epilepsy surgery candidates: A systematic review. BMC Neurol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01680-w"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.06.182","article-title":"EEG-fMRI in focal epilepsy: Local activation and regional networks","volume":"125","author":"Flanagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c90f2","article-title":"Converging PET and fMRI evidence for a common area involved in human focal epilepsies","volume":"77","author":"Laufs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq175","article-title":"The structural plasticity of white matter networks following anterior temporal lobe resection","volume":"133","author":"Yogarajah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12924","article-title":"Utility of 3D multimodality imaging in the implantation of intracranial electrodes in epilepsy","volume":"56","author":"Nowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2418298","article-title":"Geodesic Information Flows: Spatially-Variant Graphs and Their Application to Segmentation and Fusion","volume":"34","author":"Cardoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001005","article-title":"Epilepsy-related clinical characteristics and mortality","volume":"83","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.PEDS17137","article-title":"Corticospinal tract atrophy and motor fMRI predict motor preservation after functional cerebral hemispherectomy","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304038","article-title":"An 18-year follow-up of seizure outcome after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Hemb","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E366","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz556","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy: Systematic Review of Technique, Indications, and Outcomes","volume":"86","author":"Youngerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.160","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Technique (Nummular Craniotomy) for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Comparison of 2 Approaches","volume":"134","author":"Sarmento","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16846","article-title":"Comparison of minimally invasive and traditional surgical approaches for refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Kohlhase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03091.x","article-title":"Seizure outcome and its predictors after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery in patients with normal MRI","volume":"52","author":"Fong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8958-9","article-title":"SEEG-guided radiofrequency coagulation (SEEG-guided RF-TC) versus anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"265","author":"Moles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316833","article-title":"Stereotactic EEG-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"89","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.09.040","article-title":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT): Seizure outcomes for refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"89","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"316","article-title":"The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain","volume":"102","author":"Leksell","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Scand."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-14-3-93","article-title":"Current concepts in stereotactic radiosurgery\u2014A neurosurgical and radiooncological point of view","volume":"14","author":"Vesper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.17704.x","article-title":"SEEG-guided RF thermocoagulation of epileptic foci: Feasibility, safety, and preliminary results","volume":"45","author":"Isnard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000335166.20451.88","article-title":"SEEG-guided thermocoagulations: A palliative treatment of nonoperable partial epilepsies","volume":"71","author":"Catenoix","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xu, J., Liu, T., Chen, F., Chen, S., Xie, Z., Fang, T., and Liang, S. (2020). Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy versus stereoelectroencephalography-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsy Res., 166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2020.106397"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.07.194","article-title":"Surgical Outcomes of Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"143","author":"Kerezoudis","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/24\/2838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:53Z","timestamp":1760115233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/14\/24\/2838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics14242838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14242838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}