{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:08:39Z","timestamp":1792213719090,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IADR-RDP Chilean Division 2020"},{"name":"Support Fund for Research Publications 2024, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oral biomarkers have gained attention as non-invasive tools for assessing systemic diseases due to their potential to reflect physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to explore the role of oral biomarkers in diagnosing and monitoring systemic diseases, emphasizing their diagnostic relevance and predictive capabilities in clinical practice. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the current literature on biochemical, immunological, genetic, and microbiological oral biomarkers, with a focus on their sources, types, and clinical applications. Key studies were analyzed to identify associations between oral biomarkers and systemic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Results: Oral fluids, including saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, contain diverse biomarkers such as matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and genetic indicators. These markers have demonstrated potential in diagnosing and monitoring systemic conditions. Among others, elevated levels of salivary glucose and inflammatory cytokines correlate with diabetes progression, while vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and salivary C-reactive protein might be applicable as indicators for periodontal disease and cardiovascular risk. Additionally, salivary biomarkers like amyloid-beta and tau are promising in detecting neurodegenerative disorders. Conclusions: Oral biomarkers might represent a transformative and point-of-care approach to the early management of systemic diseases; however, challenges in measurement variability, standardization, and validation remain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T14:35:42Z","timestamp":1735742142000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Role of Oral Biomarkers in the Assessment of Noncommunicable Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8959-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"S\u00e1enz-Ravello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Epidemiologia y Vigilancia de las Enfermedades Orales (CEVEO), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Epidemiologia y Vigilancia de las Enfermedades Orales (CEVEO), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5826-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with Projections of Prevalence to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). 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