{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:13:30Z","timestamp":1780326810054,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The diaphragm is important for respiration, but the effects of age-related muscle loss and sarcopenia on diaphragm function are unclear. We evaluated the associations of sarcopenia and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) with diaphragm function. Methods: This study was conducted at three Japanese hospitals from May 2023 to September 2024. The participants underwent bioelectrical impedance for SMM assessment, as well as pulmonary function tests. Diaphragm ultrasound was used to measure the thickness at functional residual capacity (FRC), thickening fraction (TF), and diaphragm excursion (DE) during deep breathing (DB), and their associations with sarcopenia and low skeletal muscle index (SMI) were analyzed. Results: Overall, 148 patients (mean age 78.1 years; sarcopenia, n = 35; non-sarcopenia, n = 103) were included. No statistically significant differences in thickness(FRC), TF and DE were observed between the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group. The low SMI group had significantly lower thickness (difference \u22120.22, 95% CI; \u22120.41, \u22120.29) and DE (difference \u22129.2, 95%CI; \u221214.0, \u22124.49) than the normal SMI group. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and stature revealed no association between thickness (FRC) and sarcopenia (p = 0.98), but thickness (FRC) was negatively associated with low SMI (p = 0.034). DE during DB was negatively associated with sarcopenia (p = 0.024) and low SMI (p = 0.001). TF showed no associations. Conclusions: DE during DB was reduced in patients with sarcopenia and low SMI, and thickness (FRC) was reduced in those with low SMI without sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15010090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T07:10:17Z","timestamp":1735888217000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship Between Diaphragm Function and Sarcopenia Assessed by Ultrasound: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4583-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Ouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suguru","family":"Mabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4230-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Hanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-4159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuharu","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Department of Gerontology and Gerodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanako","family":"Yoshimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Department of Gerontology and Gerodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Mayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Department of Gerontology and Gerodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayane","family":"Horike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Department of Gerontology and Gerodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Toyoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9088-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruka","family":"Tohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Department of Gerontology and Gerodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Hirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&D Innovation for Home Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6276-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine (Ibaraki), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2015.04.010","article-title":"Novel approaches to the diagnosis of 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