{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:07:34Z","timestamp":1790600854502,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This is a systematic review on the subject of anatomic landmarks and variations in the mandible that influence implantation placement. With this systematic review, we would like to summarize the results from different studies that are relevant to this subject and that are up to date, presenting their main findings, the measurements of mentioned landmarks, and giving clinical implications that will be helpful to practitioners in their better understanding of this topic. Methods: This study followed all of the elements of PRISMA. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion are described in detail. The following bibliographic databases were searched: PubMed (MEDLINE), The Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, EMBASE, and, additionally, Google Scholar. The search of articles was carried out using a combination of different keywords with a Boolean operator for each keyword. A total of 30 studies were included in this review and the risk of bias for each study was assessed. This review was registered with the PROSPERO ID number CRD42024609308. Results: The structure \u201cSPIDER\u201c was used to present the findings in the summation table, followed by a detailed description of the quantitative findings and overall mean values of the most commonly used measured points. The morphometric measurements of anatomic details and variations in the mandible, such as the mandibular canal, mental foramen, lingual foramina, lingual canal, incisive canal, and mandibular concavity, are of high significance for clinicians dealing with implantation where gender, ethnicity, age groups, the side of the mandible, or remaining teeth can influence implantation planning. Conclusions: The distances of the named anatomic landmarks to the surrounding bone structures that are used as a guide during planning are of huge importance, so proper and detailed measurements must be executed by experienced professionals using CBCT. Knowledge of the position and variation in these landmarks may be used for any bone-guided augmentation, surgical transpositions of anatomic landmarks, and surgery intervention planning. The results of this study can aid in choosing appropriate measurement points and give the gross picture, for clinicians, in therapy planning, considering all the landmarks of significance in the mandible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15020155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1736740912000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Anatomic Variations Important for Dental Implantation in the Mandible\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zlata","family":"Rajkovic Pavlovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6740-0215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milos","family":"Stepovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Bubalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Zivanovic Macuzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Vulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Folic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Milosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8451-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Opancina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dobrivoje","family":"Stojadinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5005\/JP-Journals-10012-1088","article-title":"Anatomical Considerations in Implant Selection and Positioning","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Implant. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-017-0132-2","article-title":"Recent advances in dental implants","volume":"39","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13134","article-title":"Immediate flapless full-arch rehabilitation of edentulous jaws on 4 or 6 implants according to the prosthetic-driven planning and guided implant surgery: A retrospective study on clinical and radiographic outcomes up to 10\u2009years of follow-up","volume":"24","author":"Pranno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_138_20","article-title":"Implant Bio-mechanics for Successful Implant Therapy: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12416","article-title":"Prosthetic failures in dental implant therapy","volume":"88","author":"Sailer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil, F.A., Mohammed, J.A., Hasan, T.A., and Rzoqi, M.G. (2020). The reliability of surgeons to avoid traumatic insertion of dental implants into high-risk regions: A panoramic radiograph study. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01093-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001030","article-title":"Doses, Benefits, Safety, and Risks in Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Imaging","volume":"116","author":"Lurie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R71","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ab826f","article-title":"A systematic review on the current status of adult diagnostic reference levels in head, chest and abdominopelvic Computed Tomography","volume":"40","author":"Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kofler, B., Jenetten, L., Runge, A., Degenhart, G., Fischer, N., H\u00f6rmann, R., Steurer, M., and Widmann, G. (2021). ALADA Dose Optimization in the Computed Tomography of the Temporal Bone: The Diagnostic Potential of Different Low-Dose CT Protocols. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101894"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallarico, M. (2020). Computerization and Digital Workflow in Medicine: Focus on Digital Dentistry. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13092172"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part II: Mandibular Incisive Canal, Mental Foramen and Associated Neurovascular Bundles in Relation with Dental Implantology","volume":"1","author":"Juodzbalys","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181a14c79","article-title":"Location of the mandibular canal and the topography of its neurovascular structures","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-021-00516-8","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of lingual foramina anatomy and surgical-related aspects on cone-beam computed tomography: A PROSPERO-registered study","volume":"38","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.23350","article-title":"Mandibular incisive canal-related prevalence, morphometric parameters, and implant placement implications: A multicenter study of 847 CBCT scans","volume":"25","author":"Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-008-0134-4","article-title":"Hematoma of the floor of the mouth and airway obstruction during mandibular dental implant placement: A case report","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2020.151515","article-title":"The lingual foramina, a potential risk in oral surgery. A retrospective analysis of location and anatomic variability","volume":"231","author":"Trost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/jcis.JCIS_45_18","article-title":"Review of the Major and Minor Salivary Glands, Part 1: Anatomy, Infectious, and Inflammatory Processes","volume":"8","author":"Kessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Imaging Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.11.018","article-title":"Lingual concavities in the mandible: A morphological study using cross-sectional analysis determined by CBCT","volume":"43","author":"Nickenig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2700","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"339","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Pilla, B., and Jordan, Z. (2024). Systematic reviews of etiology and risk (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI. Available online: https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024, December 09). Risk of Bias Tools, Version 2 of the ROBINS-I Tool. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/riskofbiastool\/welcome\/robins-i-v2."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312452938","article-title":"Beyond PICO: The SPIDER tool for qualitative evidence synthesis","volume":"22","author":"Cooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Health Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2019.2.23602","article-title":"An analysis of the first and second mandibular molar roots proximity to the inferior alveolar canal and cortical plates using cone beam computed tomography among the Saudi population","volume":"40","author":"Aljarbou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1311-9","article-title":"Evaluation of location and dimensions of mandibular lingual foramina using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"36","author":"Sekerci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e105","article-title":"Correlation between the visibility of submandibular fossa and mandibular canal cortication on panoramic radiographs and submandibular fossa depth on CBCT","volume":"23","author":"Bayrak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8861301","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8861301","article-title":"Do Morphological Changes in the Anterior Mandibular Region Interfere with Standard Implant Placement? A Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2020","author":"Fouda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/94303","article-title":"Evaluation of anatomical structures and variations in the maxilla and the mandible before dental implant treatment","volume":"55","author":"Duruel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqutaibi, A.Y., Alassaf, M.S., Elsayed, S.A., Alharbi, A.S., Habeeb, A.T., Alqurashi, M.A., Albulushi, K.A., Elboraey, M.O., Alsultan, K., and Mahmoud, I.I. (2022). Morphometric Analysis of the Midline Mandibular Lingual Canal and Mandibular Lingual Foramina: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Evaluation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416910"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography7020020","article-title":"Assessment of the Retromolar Canal in Taiwan Subpopulation: A Cross-Sectional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study in a Medical Center","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-19-00299","article-title":"A CBCT Assessment of the Incidence and Location of the Lingual Foramen in the Anterior Mandible","volume":"48","author":"Surathu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0000000000000719","article-title":"Cone-Beam CT Assessment of the Position of the Medial Lingual Foramen for Dental Implant Placement in the Anterior Symphysis","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implant. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2021039328","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Bone-Related Factors at the Implant Site by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","volume":"32","author":"Vasegh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Long. Term. Eff. Med. Implant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.187329","article-title":"Evaluation of accessory mental foramina morphology with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"20","author":"Akarslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.10.019","article-title":"Measuring anterior loop length of the inferior alveolar nerve to estimate safe zone in implant planning: A CBCT study in a Malaysian population","volume":"120","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-017-1934-8","article-title":"Anatomical landmarks of mandibular interforaminal region related to dental implant placement with 3D CBCT: Comparison between edentulous and dental mandibles","volume":"40","author":"Sener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.03.004","article-title":"Mandibular canal location: Cone-beam computed tomography examination","volume":"42","author":"Koivisto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12474","article-title":"Characteristics of intrabony nerve canals in mandibular interforaminal region by using cone-beam computed tomography and a recommendation of safe zone for implant and bone harvesting","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-16-00084","article-title":"Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Analysis of the Posterior and Anterior Mandibular Lingual Concavity for Dental Implant Patients","volume":"43","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-14-00146","article-title":"Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Measurement of Alveolar Ridge at Posterior Mandible for Implant Graft Estimation","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12609","article-title":"Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Marimuthu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-13-00346","article-title":"Assessment of the Anterior Loop of the Mental Nerve Using Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Scan","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-18-00236","article-title":"Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis of the Prevalence, Length, and Passage of the Anterior Loop of the Mandibular Canal","volume":"45","author":"Raju","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"e239","article-title":"A retrospective radiographic evaluation of the anterior loop of the mental nerve: Comparison between panoramic radiography and cone beam computerized tomography","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_418_17","article-title":"Assessing the variation in course and position of inferior alveolar nerve among south Indian population: A cone beam computed tomographic study","volume":"29","author":"Kavarthapu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12242","article-title":"Assessment of the appearance, location and morphology of mandibular lingual foramina using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2020.0128","article-title":"Investigation the anterior mandibular lingual concavity by using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"80","author":"Gunduz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, Z.L., Wang, G.G., Liu, X.Y., Ye, Z.Y., Xu, D.Q., and Ding, X. (2021). Influence of bone anatomical morphology of mandibular molars on dental implant based on CBCT. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01888-3"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-021-00351-w","article-title":"Risk assessment of labial bone perforation in the anterior mandibular region: A virtual immediate implant placement study","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Implant. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e858","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.858","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative 3D analysis of mandibular lingual concavities: Implications for dental implant planning in the posterior mandible","volume":"10","author":"Alqutaibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanewoff, E., Alhallak, R., de Carvalho Machado, V., and Chrcanovic, B.R. (2024). Immediate implant placement in the anterior mandible: A cone beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04111-1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-017-1928-6","article-title":"Anatomic study of the position of the mandibular canal and corresponding mandibular third molar on cone-beam computed tomography images","volume":"40","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasiljevic, M., Selakovic, D., Rosic, G., Stevanovic, M., Milanovic, J., Arnaut, A., and Milanovic, P. (2024). Anatomical Factors of the Anterior and Posterior Maxilla Affecting Immediate Implant Placement Based on Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14151697"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlovic, Z.R., Milanovic, P., Vasiljevic, M., Jovicic, N., Arnaut, A., Colic, D., Petrovic, M., Stevanovic, M., Selakovic, D., and Rosic, G. (2022). Assessment of Maxillary Molars Interradicular Septum Morphological Characteristics as Criteria for Ideal Immediate Implant Placement-The Advantages of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Analysis. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12041010"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoms.2021.10.007","article-title":"Guide for surgical procedures in oral and maxillofacial areas during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Hoshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.05.056","article-title":"Inferior alveolar nerve canal position: A clinical and radiographic study","volume":"65","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.06.016","article-title":"Relationship between Root Apices and the Mandibular Canal: A Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Analysis in a German Population","volume":"41","author":"Grund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12769","article-title":"The All-on-4 treatment concept for the rehabilitation of the completely edentulous mandible: A longitudinal study with 10 to 18 years of follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steigmann, L., Di Gianfilippo, R., Steigmann, M., and Wang, H.L. (2022). Classification Based on Extraction Socket Buccal Bone Morphology and Related Treatment Decision Tree. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15030733"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2319\/060822-412.1","article-title":"Bone thickness and height of the buccal shelf area and the mandibular canal position for miniscrew insertion in patients with different vertical facial patterns, age, and sex","volume":"93","author":"Eto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12463","article-title":"Assessment of the mandibular buccal shelf for orthodontic anchorage: Influence of side, gender and skeletal patterns","volume":"24","author":"Aleluia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.11.020","article-title":"Variability associated with mandibular buccal shelf area width and height in subjects with different growth pattern, sex, and growth status","volume":"159","author":"Gandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-019-01249-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the Dimensions of Anterior Loop of Mental Nerve in CBCT: A Radiographic Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_103_21","article-title":"Prevalence of Anterior Loop and other Patterns of Mental Nerve in a Sample Population of an Indian City: A Retrospective Study","volume":"12","author":"Giroh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2023.03.001","article-title":"A radiographic analysis of the location of the mental foramen","volume":"35","author":"Ghandourah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.06.026","article-title":"Detection and characterization of anterior loop, accessory mental foramen, and lateral lingual foramen by using cone beam computed tomography","volume":"124","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"8897275","article-title":"Evaluation of Mental Foramen with Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review of Literature","volume":"2021","author":"Berry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.060197","article-title":"The mental foramen and nerve: Clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement: A literature review","volume":"77","author":"Greenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2022.151982","article-title":"Lingual foramina of the anterior mandible in edentulous patients: CBCT analysis and surgical risk assessment","volume":"244","author":"Silvestri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0000000000000012","article-title":"Evaluation of mandibular lingual foramina related to dental implant treatment with computerized tomography: A multicenter clinical study","volume":"23","author":"Yildirim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Implant. Dent."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muley, P., Kale, L., Choudhary, S., Aldhuwayhi, S., Thakare, A., and Mallineni, S.K. (2022). Assessment of Accessory Canals and Foramina in the Mandibular Arch Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and a New Classification for Mandibular Accessory Canals. Biomed. Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5542030"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.05.002","article-title":"Success rate and complications associated with dental implants in the incisive canal region: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Faot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.6730","article-title":"Imaging Aspects of the Mandibular Incisive Canal: A PROSPERO-Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Studies","volume":"34","author":"Barros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Effects of Crest Morphology on Lingual Concavity in Mandibular Molar Region: An Observational Study","volume":"14","author":"Asar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-18-00227","article-title":"Computed Tomography for the Assessment of the Potential Risk After Implant Placement in Fresh Extraction Sites in the Posterior Mandible","volume":"47","author":"Chaushu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100313","article-title":"Risk assessment of lingual plate perforation in posterior mandibular region: A virtual implant placement study using cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs, R., Salmon, B., Codari, M., Hassan, B., and Bornstein, M.M. (2018). Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: Recommendations for clinical use. BMC Oral Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0523-5"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/2\/155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:52Z","timestamp":1759919212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/2\/155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15020155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15020155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]}}}