{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:32:10Z","timestamp":1789021930087,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Cardiac Society 2018 Scientific Grant in cooperation with Berlin-Chemie\/Menarini","award":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ5\/01511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ5\/01511"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ5\/01511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ5\/01511"]}]},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College grants and St. John Paul II Hospital","award":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ5\/01511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ5\/01511"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) allows for analysis of cardiac function and myocardial tissue characterization. Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events; however, the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy and its prognostic value strongly depend on the LVM indexation method. Evaluation of the quantity and distribution of late gadolinium enhancement assists in clinical decisions on diagnosis, cardiovascular assessment, and interventions, including the placement of cardiac implantable electronic devices and the choice of an optimal procedural approach. Novel CMR techniques, such as T1 and T2 mapping, may be used for the longitudinal follow-up of myocardial fibrosis and myocardial edema or inflammation in different groups of patients, including patients with systemic sclerosis, myocarditis, cardiac sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, among others. Moreover, CMR tagging and feature tracking techniques might improve cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with different etiologies of left ventricular dysfunction. This review summarizes the knowledge about the current role of CMR in diagnostics and cardiovascular risk assessment to enable more personalized approach in clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15020178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1736854111000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnostics and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1219-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja S.","family":"Matusik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3009-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mikrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Bryll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6697-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz J.","family":"Popiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 T.","family":"Matusik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, St. John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00682-4","article-title":"SCMR Position Paper (2020) on clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"22","author":"Leiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00607-1","article-title":"Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols: 2020 update","volume":"22","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, P.S., Zhong, C., Matusik, P.T., Alomar, O., and Stein, P.K. (2023). Neuroimaging Studies of the Neural Correlates of Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031016"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.09.017","article-title":"Late Gadolinium Enhancement and the Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmias or Sudden Death in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Anguera","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000227","article-title":"Risk stratification by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"30","author":"Reinstadler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2022.02.009","article-title":"Predictive risk models for forecasting arrhythmic outcomes in Brugada syndrome: A focused review","volume":"72","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.049","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"48","author":"Assomull","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1363","article-title":"Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"309","author":"Gulati","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009394","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009394","article-title":"Jeopardized Myocardium Defined by Late Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Survival in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Impact of Revascularization","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs037","article-title":"Scar extent, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and wall motion abnormalities identify high-risk patients with previous myocardial infarction: A multiparametric approach for prognostic stratification","volume":"34","author":"Siciliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313767","article-title":"Towards cardiac MRI based risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"105","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy713","article-title":"Prevalence and prognosis of ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardial fibrosis in older adults","volume":"40","author":"Shanbhag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570648","article-title":"Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease","volume":"113","author":"Kwong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007094","article-title":"Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"130","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005313222203","article-title":"Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"322","author":"Levy","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.09.014","article-title":"The relationship of left ventricular mass and geometry to incident cardiovascular events: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study","volume":"52","author":"Bluemke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2008.05.012","article-title":"Prognostic implications of left ventricular mass and geometry following myocardial infarction: The VALIANT (VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion) Echocardiographic Study","volume":"1","author":"Verma","year":"2008","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, P.S., Bryll, A., Pac, A., Popiela, T.J., and Matusik, P.T. (2022). Clinical Data, Chest Radiograph and Electrocardiography in the Screening for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: The CAR(2)E(2) Score. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133585"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.110.944959","article-title":"Refining patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy using cardiac MRI: \u201cbrother, can you spare a paradigm?\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Chinali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.883652","article-title":"A 4-tiered classification of left ventricular hypertrophy based on left ventricular geometry: The Dallas heart study","volume":"3","author":"Khouri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.001275","article-title":"Four-group classification of left ventricular hypertrophy based on ventricular concentricity and dilatation identifies a low-risk subset of eccentric hypertrophy in hypertensive patients","volume":"7","author":"Bang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000658","article-title":"Risk of mortality in relation to an updated classification of left ventricular geometric abnormalities in a general population: The Pamela study","volume":"33","author":"Cuspidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.111.964965","article-title":"Prognostic value of routine cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial damage: An international, multicenter study","volume":"4","author":"Klem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.M., Hwang, I.C., Choi, H.M., Yoon, Y.E., and Cho, G.Y. (2022). Prognostic implication of left ventricular hypertrophy regression after antihypertensive therapy in patients with hypertension. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1082008"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae178","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"45","author":"McEvoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-022-00260-y","article-title":"Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Etiology-Based Therapeutic Options","volume":"11","author":"Sayin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.11.002","article-title":"Prognostic Implications of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy","volume":"61","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, P.T., Heleniak, Z., Papuga-Szela, E., Plens, K., Lelakowski, J., and Undas, A. (2020). Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Impact on a Prothrombotic State in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082476"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e17550","article-title":"Correlation of Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy","volume":"13","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023466","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023466","article-title":"Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Biomarkers of Cardiac Damage and Stress in Aortic Stenosis","volume":"11","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jep017","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes","volume":"10","author":"Rawlins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jen155","article-title":"Impact of left ventricular geometry on prognosis in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study)","volume":"9","author":"Gerdts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150250","article-title":"Left ventricular mass: Allometric scaling, normative values, effect of obesity, and prognostic performance","volume":"56","author":"Chirinos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e177","article-title":"Method errors or unexplained biological information?","volume":"56","author":"Devereux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.167361","article-title":"Response to Method errors or unexplained biological information?","volume":"57","author":"Chirinos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.06.003","article-title":"LV mass assessed by echocardiography and CMR, cardiovascular outcomes, and medical practice","volume":"5","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-017-0327-9","article-title":"Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in Caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort","volume":"19","author":"Petersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.736785","article-title":"Does size matter? Clinical applications of scaling cardiac size and function for body size","volume":"117","author":"Dewey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9584-5","article-title":"Body size adjustments for left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and their impact on left ventricular hypertrophy classification","volume":"26","author":"Brumback","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.110.959403","article-title":"Cardiovascular imaging for assessing cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic men versus women: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153346","article-title":"Controversies in the assessment of left ventricular mass","volume":"56","author":"Gidding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.15464","article-title":"Electrocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: The impact of indexing methods","volume":"78","author":"Matusik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.01985.x","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy in acromegaly: Impact of different methods of indexing left ventricular mass","volume":"60","author":"Vitale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24239","article-title":"CMR reference values for left ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction using computer-aided analysis: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"39","author":"Chuang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00819-z","article-title":"Normal sex and age-specific parameters in a multi-ethnic population: A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study of the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds cohort","volume":"24","author":"Luu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S357","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1868","article-title":"Cardiovascular function in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: Normal values by age, sex, and ethnicity","volume":"186","author":"Natori","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-1042-5","article-title":"Left ventricular ejection fraction and presence of myocardial necrosis assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging correctly risk stratify patients with stable coronary artery disease: A multi-center all-comers trial","volume":"106","author":"Buckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.016","article-title":"Clinical Risk Prediction in Patients With Left Ventricular Myocardial Noncompaction","volume":"78","author":"Casas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5603\/cj.90492","article-title":"Predictive value of early left ventricular end-diastolic volume changes for late left ventricular remodeling after ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"31","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5875-3","article-title":"Prognosis-based definition of left ventricular remodeling after ST-elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"29","author":"Reindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2018.07.026","article-title":"Role of CMR in Prognostic Stratification in Myocardial Infarction","volume":"72","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.2108","article-title":"Association of Left Ventricular Remodeling Assessment by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance With Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Aortic Regurgitation","volume":"7","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0520-0","article-title":"Comparison of myocardial fibrosis quantification methods by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for risk stratification of patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"21","author":"Grani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2022-040","article-title":"Prognostic value of myocardial scar in ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Laymouna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-14-54","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies","volume":"14","author":"Parsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2020.0009","article-title":"Ischemic and non-ischemic patterns of late gadolinium enhancement in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"28","author":"Matusik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"16204","article-title":"Adjuvant combined therapy with trastuzumab in patients with HER2- positive breast cancer and cardiac alterations: Implications for optimal cardio-oncology care","volume":"132","author":"Niemiec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0561-4","article-title":"The amount of late gadolinium enhancement outperforms current guideline-recommended criteria in the identification of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk of sudden cardiac death","volume":"21","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.11.021","article-title":"Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307682","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Briasoulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reindl, M., Eitel, I., and Reinstadler, S.J. (2020). Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Improve Risk Prediction Following Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041041"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613414","article-title":"Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality","volume":"114","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00734-3","article-title":"Implications of multiple late gadolinium enhancement lesions on the frequency of left ventricular reverse remodeling and prognosis in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Ota","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.045","article-title":"2020 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Ommen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.02.031","article-title":"Prognostic Value of LGE-CMR in HCM: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Weng","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.2012.0026","article-title":"Age-related gap in the management of heart failure patients. The National Project of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases\u2014POLKARD","volume":"19","author":"Matusik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15854","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15854","article-title":"Clinical impact of multimodality assessment of myocardial viability","volume":"41","author":"Canton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghobrial, M., Bawamia, B., Cartlidge, T., Spyridopoulos, I., Kunadian, V., Zaman, A., Egred, M., McDiarmid, A., Williams, M., and Farag, M. (2023). Microvascular Obstruction in Acute Myocardial Infarction, a Potential Therapeutic Target. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185934"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"16284","article-title":"Elevated urinary kidney injury molecule 1 at discharge strongly predicts early mortality following an episode of acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"132","author":"Torcal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.123.015606","article-title":"Prevalence of Pericardial Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Patients After Cardiac Surgery: Clinical and Histological Correlations","volume":"16","author":"Pavon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.1.113","article-title":"Myocardial T1 and T2 Mapping: Techniques and Clinical Applications","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"961","article-title":"Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Prediction: The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"71","author":"Podlesnikar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162.e161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.09.023","article-title":"Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification as novel biomarkers in risk stratification of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Bordonaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu444","article-title":"T1 mapping and survival in systemic light-chain amyloidosis","volume":"36","author":"Banypersad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.08.021","article-title":"Comparing CMR Mapping Methods and Myocardial Patterns Toward Heart Failure Outcomes in Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Vita","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.089409","article-title":"Association between extracellular matrix expansion quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and short-term mortality","volume":"126","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007108","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007108","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Risk Stratification in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Novel Tool to Tailor Therapy or Emperor\u2019s New Clothes?","volume":"10","author":"Lonborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.142729","article-title":"Role of Cardiac MR Imaging in Cardiomyopathies","volume":"56","author":"Kramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.003","article-title":"Multiparametric CMR in Cardiomyopathies: Beyond Diagnosis and Toward Prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-16-14","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance risk stratification in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis","volume":"16","author":"Schumm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, K., Nakou, E., Del Buono, M.G., Montone, R.A., D\u2019Amario, D., and Bucciarelli-Ducci, C. (2021). The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Myocardial Infarction and Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.821067"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.12.029","article-title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in MINOCA: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mileva","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2023.11.014","article-title":"Acute Response of the Noninfarcted Myocardium and Surrounding Tissue Assessed by T2 Mapping After STEMI","volume":"17","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv372","article-title":"Prognostic significance of infarct core pathology revealed by quantitative non-contrast in comparison with contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction survivors","volume":"37","author":"Carrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jead119-109","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jead119.109","article-title":"Increased hepatic T1 values are correlated with right ventricular involvement and congestion after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction","volume":"24","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-12","article-title":"Scar extent evaluated by late gadolinium enhancement CMR: A powerful predictor of long term appropriate ICD therapy in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"15","author":"Alexandre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.959544","article-title":"The extent of left ventricular scar quantified by late gadolinium enhancement MRI is associated with spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators","volume":"4","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.08.132","article-title":"Myocardial scar characteristics based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"177","author":"Demirel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.04.014","article-title":"Prediction of life-threatening arrhythmic events in patients with chronic myocardial infarction by contrast-enhanced CMR","volume":"4","author":"Boye","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.070","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial scarring improves risk stratification in patients evaluated for cardiac defibrillator implantation","volume":"60","author":"Klem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy437","article-title":"Reduction in mortality from implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy patients is dependent on the presence of left ventricular scar","volume":"40","author":"Gutman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.543678","article-title":"Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"113","author":"Bleeker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.03.014","article-title":"T1 Mapping Tissue Heterogeneity Provides Improved Risk Stratification for ICDs Without Needing Gadolinium in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Nakamori","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.12.020","article-title":"Myocardial tissue characterization by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging using T1 mapping predicts ventricular arrhythmia in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.0035","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Vasodilator Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Multicenter Study With 48000 Patient-Years of Follow-up","volume":"4","author":"Heitner","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.074","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Stress Perfusion Imaging for Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain","volume":"74","author":"Kwong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00785-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of vasodilator stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance after inconclusive stress testing","volume":"23","author":"Pezel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.121.012789","article-title":"Long-Term Prognostic Value of Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-Related Coronary Revascularization to Predict Death: A Large Registry With >200,000 Patient-Years of Follow-Up","volume":"14","author":"Pezel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"101109","article-title":"Cardiac diffusion-weighted and tensor imaging: A Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) special interest group consensus statement","volume":"27","author":"Ennis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.016","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Khalique","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210174","article-title":"Myocardial Strain Evaluation with Cardiovascular MRI: Physics, Principles, and Clinical Applications","volume":"42","author":"Rajiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez041","article-title":"Myocardial strain imaging: Review of general principles, validation, and sources of discrepancies","volume":"20","author":"Amzulescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2417-2","article-title":"Electro-mechanical characteristics of myocardial infarction border zones and ventricular arrhythmic risk: Novel insights from grid-tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-14-24","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of peri-infarct zone remodeling following myocardial infarction","volume":"14","author":"Schuleri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu181","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial deformation with cardiac magnetic resonance strain imaging improves risk stratification in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Buss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.02.005","article-title":"The Combined Incremental Prognostic Value of LVEF, Late Gadolinium Enhancement, and Global Circumferential Strain Assessed by CMR","volume":"8","author":"Mordi","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Ghadimi, M., and Sapra, A. (2024). Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contraindications. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrabba, N., Amico, M.A., Guaricci, A.I., Carella, M.C., Maestrini, V., Monosilio, S., Pedrotti, P., Ricci, F., Monti, L., and Figliozzi, S. (2024). CMR Mapping: The 4th-Era Revolution in Cardiac Imaging. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020337"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08629-2","article-title":"State-of-the-art myocardial strain by CMR feature tracking: Clinical applications and future perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315669","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Emerging techniques and applications","volume":"107","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.06.004","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"86","author":"Aromiwura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/2\/178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:28:40Z","timestamp":1759919320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/2\/178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15020178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15020178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]}}}