{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1782943442995,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the factors linked to early left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in hypertensive patients who have preserved ejection fraction (EF \u2265 50%) using speckle tracking echocardiography. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 579 outpatients recruited from City International Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City using a total sampling approach, where echocardiographic measurements and clinical data were gathered and analyzed. Results: The prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction among hypertensive individuals was found to be 45.25%, with 9.15% showing abnormal global longitudinal strain (GLS). Factors such as being over the age of 60, having diabetes, concentric LV hypertrophy, concentric LV remodeling, and LV diastolic dysfunction were identified as correlating with abnormal GLS (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, other cardiovascular risk factors, including smoking and dyslipidemia, did not significantly influence the GLS index (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Key factors including diabetes, diastolic dysfunction, concentric hypertrophy, and concentric remodeling of the LV are significant predictors of abnormal GLS. These results are important for the management of hypertensive patients aimed at enhancing cardiac function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15020222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1737345852000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of Factors Related to Early Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Hypertensive Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Using Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hoang","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-3029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9668-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cuong","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuan","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5157-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, University of Health Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liem","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Faculty, University of Health Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 7000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5494\/wjh.v5.i2.85","article-title":"From hypertension to heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Magyar","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2159","article-title":"ESH\/ECS Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Mancia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.16","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy and clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients","volume":"21","author":"Ruilope","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.09.028","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy patterns and incidence of heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction","volume":"113","author":"Velagaleti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2014.36","article-title":"Myocardial remodeling in hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Nadruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.845792","article-title":"The progression of hypertensive heart disease","volume":"123","author":"Drazner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-001-0071-4","article-title":"Diastolic function in hypertension","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jes026","article-title":"Correlates of global area strain in native hypertensive patients: A three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography study","volume":"13","author":"Galderisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"335","article-title":"impaired systolic function by strain imaging in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"64","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.07.010","article-title":"Differences of myocardial systolic deformation and correlates of diastolic function in competitive rowers and young hypertensives: A speckle-tracking echocardiography study","volume":"23","author":"Galderisi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v2.i1.1","article-title":"Speckle tracking echocardiography: A new approach to myocardial function","volume":"2","author":"Sitia","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.07.016","article-title":"The functional role of longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial deformation for regulating the early impairment of left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: A study with two-dimensional strain imaging","volume":"21","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","article-title":"Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"29","author":"Nagueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu184","article-title":"Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: Consensus document of the EACVI\/ASE\/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging","volume":"16","author":"Voigt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.11.016","article-title":"Reference Ranges of Left Ventricular Strain Measures by Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004510","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.116.004510","article-title":"Age- and Sex-Related Influences on Left Ventricular Mechanics in Elderly Individuals Free of Prevalent Heart Failure: The ARIC Study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities)","volume":"10","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1390","article-title":"Normal reference values of multilayer longitudinal strain according to age decades in a healthy population: A single-centre experience","volume":"19","author":"Alcidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev006","article-title":"Myocardial strain measurement with feature-tracking cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Normal values","volume":"16","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.10.008","article-title":"Normal ranges of left ventricular strain: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yingchoncharoen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.07.014","article-title":"Normal Range of Global Longitudinal Strain in the Elderly: The Impact of Subclinical Disease","volume":"14","author":"Potter","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01504-w","article-title":"Effects of diabetes mellitus on left ventricular function and remodeling in hypertensive patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Assessment with 3.0 T MRI feature tracking","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4274\/ijca.14633","article-title":"The role of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography and Threedimensional Echocardiography in the Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Type II Patients with diabetes with Negative Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Correlation to Multi-gated Acquisition Scan","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Acad."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01180-0","article-title":"Assessment of subclinical left ventricular myocardial systolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without hypertension by global and segmental myocardial work","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jep097","article-title":"Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic diabetic patients assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: Correlation with diabetic duration","volume":"10","author":"Nakai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.07.017","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Is it really the frst marker of diabetic cardiomyopathy?","volume":"24","author":"Ernande","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-84","article-title":"New concept of myocardial longi tudinal strain reserve assessed by a dipyridamole infusion using 2D-strain echocardiography: The impact of diabetes and age, and the prognostic value","volume":"12","author":"Cognet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-017-1198-8","article-title":"Impact of left ventricular longi tudinal functional mechanics on the progression of diastolic function in diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeae178","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction in hypertension: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"25","author":"Ottosen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1201","article-title":"Progression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and risk of heart failure","volume":"306","author":"Kane","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-012-0307-z","article-title":"Increased afterload induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy: A new in vitro model","volume":"107","author":"Hirt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-021-01148-3","article-title":"Myocardial Strain Imaging in Resistant Hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Alsharari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317721644","article-title":"Factors associated with global longitudinal strain decline in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction","volume":"24","author":"Bendiab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/18741924-v16-e221202-2022-8","article-title":"Predictors of Impaired Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Patients with Essential Hypertension and Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"16","author":"Noori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv529","article-title":"Myocardial strain imaging: How useful is it in clinical decision making?","volume":"37","author":"Smiseth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/2\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:45Z","timestamp":1759919505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/2\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15020222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15020222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]}}}