{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:34:19Z","timestamp":1791261259534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venous hypertension in the pelvic veins can result in the development of varicosities in the perineum, and sometimes also in the lower extremities. These varicose veins are anatomically and functionally different from typical varicosities associated with an incompetence of the saphenous veins. Since the pelvic cavity is anatomically separated from the lower extremity and perineum by muscles and skeleton, there are only a few routes through which pelvic veins can communicate with extra-pelvic veins. These routes should primarily be examined during diagnostic workout. In this review article, clinical anatomy concerning varicose veins of pelvic origin is presented, and the anatomically-driven diagnostics for these atypical varicose veins are discussed. Focus on ultrasonographic detection of the escape points, which are located at the sites where the incompetent intra-pelvic and extra-pelvic veins are connected\u2014such as the perineal veins, veins running alongside the round ligament of the uterus, the obturator vein, as well as the inferior and superior gluteal veins\u2014is emphasized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1737517217000},"page":"245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Anatomical, Pathophysiological, and Clinical Aspects of Extra-Pelvic Varicose Veins of Pelvic Origin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0590-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jaworucka-Kaczorowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Phlebology and Aesthetic Medicine, 66-400 Gorz\u00f3w Wielkopolski, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2891-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"Simka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.12.084","article-title":"The symptoms-varices-pathophysiology classification of pelvic venous disorders: A report of the American Vein & Lymphatic Society International Working Group on Pelvic Venous Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Meissner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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