{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:26:52Z","timestamp":1781155612012,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare monogenic connective tissue disorder characterized by fragility of bones and recurrent fractures. In addition to the hereditary component, there are a number of factors that influence the course of the disease, the contribution of which is poorly understood, in particular the levels of micronutrients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 45 with OI and 45 healthy individuals. The concentrations of micronutrients (calcium, copper, inorganic phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium) and bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated in all the participants. Results: The concentrations of micronutrients in all the groups were within the reference values. In the OI overall, magnesium and copper were elevated, and phosphorus and zinc were lower. Type I exhibited higher concentrations of magnesium and copper and the lowest phosphorus; type III was associated with lower zinc, type IV with lower calcium and higher copper, and type V with the lowest phosphorus. OI overall was associated with lower BMD values. A correlational analysis in the OI group showed that the number of fractures correlated with BMD in absolute values but not with the Z-score. Conclusions: The obtained data emphasize the importance of the levels of micronutrients in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases, in particular OI. As in the results of previous studies, the levels of micronutrients were within the population norm, which probably requires the development of individual criteria for the content of substances in this category of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T07:55:32Z","timestamp":1737532532000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Complex Analysis of Micronutrient Levels and Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Different Types of Osteogenesis Imperfecta"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-3719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Valeeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology Department, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Akhiiarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology Department, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7045-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildar","family":"Minniakhmetov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, Dmitriya Ulianova Street, 11, 117036 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Mokrysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, Dmitriya Ulianova Street, 11, 117036 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Khusainova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology Department, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Endocrinology Research Centre, Dmitriya Ulianova Street, 11, 117036 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Tyurin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychology Department, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i12.2604","article-title":"Classification of Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Importance for Prophylaxis and Genetic Counseling","volume":"11","author":"Panzaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadyrshina, D., Zaripova, A., Tyurin, A., Minniakhmetov, I., Zakharova, E., and Khusainova, R. (2022). Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Search for Mutations in Patients from the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia). Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13010124"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Gazzar, A., and H\u00f6gler, W. (2021). Mechanisms of Bone Fragility: From Osteogenesis Imperfecta to Secondary Osteoporosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020625"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4501","article-title":"4-PBA Treatment Improves Bone Phenotypes in the Aga2 Mouse Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"37","author":"Duran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.03.010","article-title":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Therapeutics","volume":"71\u201372","author":"Morello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deguchi, M., Tsuji, S., Katsura, D., Kasahara, K., Kimura, F., and Murakami, T. (2021). Current Overview of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050464"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04329-9","article-title":"Associations of Blood Trace Elements with Bone Mineral Density: A Population-Based Study in US Adults","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00119-4","article-title":"Nutritional Intake and Bone Health","volume":"9","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciosek, \u017b., Kot, K., Kosik-Bogacka, D., \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk, N., and Rotter, I. (2021). The Effects of Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Fluoride, and Lead on Bone Tissue. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040506"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-021-00305-0","article-title":"An Update on Magnesium and Bone Health","volume":"34","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03970-z","article-title":"Hair and Serum Trace Element and Mineral Levels Profiles in Women with Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"202","author":"Skalny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhiiarova, K., Khusainova, R., Minniakhmetov, I., Mokrysheva, N., and Tyurin, A. (2023). Peak Bone Mass Formation: Modern View of the Problem. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112982"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyurin, A., Merkuryeva, E., Zaripova, A., Markova, T., Nagornova, T., Dantsev, I., Nadyrshina, D., Zakharova, E., and Khusainova, R. (2022). Does the c.-14C>T Mutation in the IFITM5 Gene Provide Identical Phenotypes for Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type V? Data from Russia and a Literature Review. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102363"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.21518\/ms2024-138","article-title":"Hereditary Human Diseases with Skeletal Pathology\u2013Molecular Pathogenesis and Clinical Characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Valeeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meditsinskiy Sov."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merkuryeva, E., Markova, T., Tyurin, A., Valeeva, D., Kenis, V., Sumina, M., Sorokin, I., Shchagina, O., Skoblov, M., and Nefedova, M. (2023). Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Calvarial Doughnut Lesions with Bone Fragility in Three Families with a Reccurent SGMS2 Gene Variant. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098021"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(01)80024-9","article-title":"A Search for Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc Levels in Fingernails of 135 Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"15","author":"Karita","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003038","article-title":"Zinc Biochemistry: From a Single Zinc Enzyme to a Key Element of Life","volume":"4","author":"Maret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skalny, A.V., Aschner, M., Silina, E.V., Stupin, V.A., Zaitsev, O.N., Sotnikova, T.I., Tazina, S.I., Zhang, F., Guo, X., and Tinkov, A.A. (2023). The Role of Trace Elements and Minerals in Osteoporosis: A Review of Epidemiological and Laboratory Findings. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13061006"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.11.003","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency Suppresses Matrix Mineralization and Retards Osteogenesis Transiently with Catch-up Possibly through Runx 2 Modulation","volume":"46","author":"Kwun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., Park, S.A., Kang, Y.H., Hwa, S.M., Koh, E.B., Hwang, S.C., Oh, S.H., and Byun, J.H. (2021). Zinc Sulfate Stimulates Osteogenic Phenotypes in Periosteum-Derived Cells and Co-Cultures of Periosteum-Derived Cells and Thp-1 Cells. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11050410"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5640","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03631-1","article-title":"The Role of Zinc in Bone Tissue Health and Regeneration\u2014A Review","volume":"201","author":"Molenda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0031-7","article-title":"Low Serum Levels of Zinc, Copper, and Iron as Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"160","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9109-7","article-title":"Plasma Selenium, Zinc, Copper and Lipid Levels in Postmenopausal Turkish Women and Their Relation with Osteoporosis","volume":"144","author":"Arikan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.61.382","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency Increases Serum Concentrations of Parathyroid Hormone through a Decrease in Serum Calcium and Induces Bone Fragility in Rats","volume":"61","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(90)90035-Z","article-title":"Calcium, Iron, Copper, Boron, Collagen, and Density Changes in Bone with Aging in C57BL\/6J Male Mice","volume":"25","author":"Massie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"52","article-title":"Inflammation and Its Resolution and the Musculoskeletal System","volume":"10","author":"Gallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2017.0422","article-title":"Effect of Magnesium on the Osteogenesis of Normal Human Osteoblasts","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belluci, M.M., de Molon, R.S., Rossa, C., Tetradis, S., Giro, G., Cerri, P.S., Marcantonio, E., and Orrico, S.R.P. (2019). Severe Magnesium Deficiency Compromises Systemic Bone Mineral Density and Aggravates Inflammatory Bone Resorption. J. Nutr. Biochem., 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108301"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2214-4","article-title":"Skeletal Effects of Nutrients and Nutraceuticals, beyond Calcium and Vitamin D","volume":"24","author":"Nieves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanocha-Arendarczyk, N., Kosik-Bogacka, D.I., Kalisinska, E., Sokolowski, S., Kolodziej, L., Budis, H., Safranow, K., Kot, K., Ciosek, Z., and Tomska, N. (2016). Influence of Environmental Factors and Relationships between Vanadium, Chromium, and Calcium in Human Bone. Biomed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8340425"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10270","article-title":"Effect of High Phosphate Concentration on Osteoclast Differentiation as Well as Bone-Resorbing Activity","volume":"196","author":"Kanatani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-8-6","article-title":"Nutrient Intakes Related to Osteoporotic Fractures in Men and Women\u2014The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS)","volume":"8","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.06.005","article-title":"Effects of Thirty Elements on Bone Metabolism","volume":"32","author":"Dermience","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-008-9113-x","article-title":"Evidence That Abnormal High Bone Mineralization in Growing Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Is Not Associated with Specific Collagen Mutations","volume":"82","author":"Roschger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzyniak, A., and Balawender, K. (2022). Structural and Metabolic Changes in Bone. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151946"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080804","article-title":"Cellular Mechanism of Decreased Bone in Brtl Mouse Model of OI: Imbalance of Decreased Osteoblast Function and Increased Osteoclasts and Their Precursors","volume":"23","author":"Uveges","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab017","article-title":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways Connecting Classical and Rare OI Types","volume":"43","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-011-0054-z","article-title":"Bone Mass, Bone Markers and Prevalence of Fractures in Adults with Osteogenesis Imperfecta","volume":"6","author":"Wekre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2021.101102","article-title":"High Bone Mass Phenotype in a Cohort of Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Caused Due to BMP1 and C-Propeptide Cleavage Variants in COL1A1","volume":"15","author":"Campanini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5644\/ama2006-124.343","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Medical Imaging of Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Fetal Through Adulthood","volume":"50","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Med. Acad."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herdea, A., Ulici, A., Qirjako, D., Toma, A., Derihaci, R.P., Lungu, C.N., and Charkaoui, A. (2021). Evaluating the Functional Outcomes and the Quality of Life for Pediatric Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta after Fracture Treatment with Intramedullary Rodding. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8111066"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720150293","article-title":"Impact of Micronutrients Supplementation on Bone Repair around Implants: MicroCT and Counter-Torque Analysis in Rats","volume":"24","author":"Pimentel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/3\/250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1759919627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/3\/250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15030250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15030250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}