{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:59:00Z","timestamp":1781834340318,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health (NIH)","award":["2T35AI125220-06 AU 523955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T35AI125220-06 AU 523955"]}]},{"name":"Illinois Society for the Prevention of Blindness (ISPB)","award":["2T35AI125220-06 AU 523955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T35AI125220-06 AU 523955"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Stevens\u2013Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS\/TEN) are rare but severe skin conditions, often triggered by medications, that can be life-threatening. These conditions frequently affect the eyes, causing ocular surface disease, which can result in visual impairment or blindness. Although the exact mechanisms behind SJS\/TEN remain unclear, key inflammatory mediators such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and RIPK3 are believed to play critical roles in inflammation, necroptosis, and regulatory processes. Investigating these factors offers new insights into the disease\u2019s underlying mechanisms and potential targets for treatment. This study aims to determine the roles of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and RIPK3 in the pathogenesis of SJS\/TEN. Methods: The study examined the expression levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and RIPK3 in skin biopsies from patients with biopsy-confirmed SJS\/TEN, using lichen planus as a positive control and normal skin as a baseline control. Immunohistochemistry was employed for this analysis. Additionally, the impact of SJS\/TEN patient plasma on mitochondrial function was assessed in platelets and human corneal epithelial (H-CET) cells. Using a fluorescent plate reader, mitochondrial activity and superoxide ion levels were measured, comparing plasma from SJS\/TEN patients to normal human plasma. Results: Skin biopsies from SJS\/TEN patients showed a significantly higher expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and RIPK3 compared to both lichen planus and normal controls. Furthermore, plasma from SJS\/TEN patients significantly reduced platelet viability and increased mitochondrial and total cellular superoxide ions, as demonstrated by elevated levels of MitoSOX Red and CellROX Red. Conclusions: These findings suggest that IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and RIPK3 may contribute to the pathogenesis of SJS\/TEN and highlight their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T06:39:51Z","timestamp":1737959991000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Potential Roles of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and RIPK3 in the Pathogenesis of Stevens\u2013Johnson Syndrome\/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7445-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandana","family":"Sooranahalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidhya R.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Zelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2325-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mallika","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevnur","family":"Komurlu Keceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199411103311906","article-title":"Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs","volume":"331","author":"Roujeau","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. 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