{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:46:09Z","timestamp":1790729169250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasonography is a recognized method of tissue visualization in medicine, which is based on the use of mechanical waves (ultrasound). Its application in dermatology requires the use of higher frequencies, hence the use of high-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is recommended. HFUS has gained approval in many areas of dermatology, including imaging of skin appendages [nail unit (NU) and hair follicles]. The analysis of the changing echogenicity of structures under the influence of inflammatory and neoplastic processes is used to assess the extent of the disease, treatment planning as well as in monitoring therapeutic effects. The aim of our work is to present the possibilities of visualizing NUs and scalps with the use of HFUS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:42:37Z","timestamp":1738237357000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High-Frequency Ultrasonography in Hair and Nail Disorders\u2014How It May Be Helpful"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Pola\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7914-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Mikiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Szymoniak-Lipska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Olszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Da\u0144czak-Pazdrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2018.05.010","article-title":"Onychoscopy: Dermoscopy of the Nails","volume":"36","author":"Piraccini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2012.08.011","article-title":"Trichoscopy: How it may help the clinician","volume":"31","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15357","article-title":"Onychoscopy of non-infectious nail abnormalities in patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Giebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2021.02.002","article-title":"Assessment, reliability, and validity of trichoscopy in the evaluation of alopecia in women","volume":"7","author":"Saqib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2017.72457","article-title":"Current applications of high-frequency ultrasonography in dermatology","volume":"34","author":"Adamski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19939","article-title":"Seeing beyond skin deep: High-resolution ultrasound in dermatology\u2014A comprehensive review and future prospects","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korecka, K., Slian, A., Czajkowska, J., Da\u0144czak-Pazdrowska, A., and Pola\u0144ska, A. (2024). The Application of High-Frequency Ultrasonography in Post-Therapeutic Assessment of Actinic Keratosis After Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16223778"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"192","article-title":"Nonlesional skin in atopic dermatitis is seemingly healthy skin\u2014Observations using noninvasive methods","volume":"8","author":"Silny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wideochir. Inne Tech. Maloinwazyjne"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymoniak-Lipska, M., Pola\u0144ska, A., Jenerowicz, D., Lipski, A., \u017baba, R., Adamski, Z., and Da\u0144czak-Pazdrowska, A. (2021). High-Frequency Ultrasonography and Evaporimetry in Non-invasive Evaluation of the Nail Unit. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.686470"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475421999326","article-title":"Overview of Ultrasound Imaging Applications in Dermatology [Formula: See text]","volume":"25","author":"Almuhanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14888","article-title":"Ultrasound Characteristics of the Hair Follicles and Tracts, Sebaceous Glans, Montgomery Glands, Apocrine Glands and Arrector Pili Muscles","volume":"38","author":"Wortsman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/22636640","article-title":"Sonography in pathologies of scalp and hair","volume":"85","author":"Wortsman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12930","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasonography of the scalp\u2014Comparison of ultrasound and trichoscopic images in healthy individuals","volume":"27","author":"Mikiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"810","article-title":"A preliminary study on ultrasound techniques applied to cicatricial alopecia","volume":"25","author":"Uysal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13004","article-title":"Colour Doppler ultrasound study in patients with frontal fibrosing alopecia","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/ijt.ijt_2_17","article-title":"Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp Early Diagnosed by Color Doppler Ultrasound","volume":"9","author":"Wortsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"12","article-title":"In vivo visualization of hair follicles by ultrasound biomicroscopy in alopecia areata and its correlation with histopathology","volume":"23","author":"Bassiouny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2020.102641","article-title":"Usefulness of high-frequency ultrasonography in the assessment of alopecia areata\u2014Comparison of ultrasound images with trichoscopic images","volume":"39","author":"Mikiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13018","article-title":"Suitability of high-frequency ultrasonography (20 MHz) in evaluation of various forms of primary cicatricial alopecia in relation to trichoscopy\u2014Pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Mikiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2021.04.008","article-title":"Ultra high-frequency ultrasound with seventy-MHz transducer in hair disorders: Development of a novel noninvasive diagnostic methodology","volume":"102","author":"Ohyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13074","article-title":"Evaluation of frontal fibrosing alopecia with ultra-high-frequency ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"Estrada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000473","article-title":"Images in Scalp Ultrasound Before and After Hair Transplant in Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia","volume":"37","author":"Whittle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16373","article-title":"Ultrasound Pattern of Cutis Verticis Gyrata","volume":"43","author":"Wortsman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2022.07.040","article-title":"Tufted Hair Follicles Associated With Lipedematous Alopecia: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasounds Assessment","volume":"115","author":"Pujol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krajewska-W\u0142odarczyk, M., and Owczarczyk-Saczonek, A. (2022). Usefulness of Ultrasound Examination in the Assessment of the Nail Apparatus in Psoriasis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095611"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0846.2001.007001060.x","article-title":"Calculation of nail plate and nail matrix parameters by 20 MHz ultrasound in healthy volunteers and patients with skin disease","volume":"7","author":"Wollina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21147","article-title":"The use of non-invasive instruments in characterizing human facial and abdominal skin","volume":"44","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrnm.2015.04.009","article-title":"Ultrasonographic characterization of the nails in patients with psoriasis and onychomycosis","volume":"46","author":"Essayed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Radiol. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krajewska-W\u0142odarczyk, M., Owczarczyk-Saczonek, A., Placek, W., Wojtkiewicz, M., Wiktorowicz, A., and Wojtkiewicz, J. (2019). Distal interphalangeal joint extensor tendon enthesopathy in patients with nail psoriasis. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39985-7"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-012-1274-9","article-title":"Ultrasonography reveals nail thickening in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis","volume":"304","author":"Gisondi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"6","article-title":"Ultrasonido de alta resoluci\u00f3n (15. MHz) en el estudio de la u\u00f1a psoriatica","volume":"10","author":"Wortsman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1327","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the nail unit reveals quantitative and qualitative alterations in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Idolazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.11152\/mu.2013.2066.183.hgh","article-title":"High-frequency sonography in the evaluation of nail psoriasis","volume":"18","author":"Marina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16410","article-title":"Ultrasound Features of Nail Lichen Planus","volume":"43","author":"Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14630","article-title":"Characterization of nail changes in alopecia areata using 33-MHz ultrasonography","volume":"46","author":"Leverone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"33","article-title":"Retronychia: A Case Report Including Ultrasound Imaging and Surgical Treatment","volume":"107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wortsman, X. (2022). Ultrasound of Nail Conditions. Textbook of Dermatologic Ultrasound, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08736-3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15764","article-title":"Retronychia as a cause of opportunistic nail infections","volume":"61","author":"Benzecry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00071","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3389","article-title":"Multiple Eruptive Pyogenic Granulomas on the Proximal Nail Folds Following Cast Immobilization: A Case Report with Nail Unit Ultrasound Findings","volume":"100","author":"Pujol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.167.1.2831563","article-title":"Glomus tumors in the fingers: Diagnosis with US","volume":"167","author":"Fornage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12888","article-title":"Ultrasound features of the subungual glomus tumor and squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"26","author":"Sechi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.306105514","article-title":"Subungual tumors: Clinicopathologic correlation with US and MR imaging findings","volume":"30","author":"Baek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111236","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of onychopapilloma: Evaluation of 43 cases","volume":"170","author":"Canella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.1.97","article-title":"Common applications of dermatologic sonography","volume":"31","author":"Wortsman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-05082-0","article-title":"Intraarticular injection of the interphalangeal joint for therapy of digital mucoid cysts","volume":"42","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.03.018","article-title":"Preoperative Measurement of Thickness of Cutaneous Melanoma Using High-Resolution 20MHz Ultrasound Imaging: A Monocenter Prospective Study and Systematic Review of the Literapture","volume":"35","author":"Machet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1161-8872","article-title":"European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Position Statement on Dermatologic Ultrasound","volume":"42","author":"Alfageme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/3\/332\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:24:29Z","timestamp":1760027069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/3\/332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15030332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15030332","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]}}}