{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T04:44:04Z","timestamp":1785300244410,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors (MNVTs) are a type of recently identified benign neuroepithelial tumor with debated malformative or neoplastic origins. This review summarizes their neuroanatomical localization, imaging, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and diagnostic challenges. Methods: A systematic review of PUBMED\/MEDLINE was performed in December 2024. Results: Of 118 screened articles, 39 were eligible, covering 299 patients. MNVTs are often asymptomatic \u201cleave me alone\u201d lesions, discovered incidentally, though nonspecific symptoms (59.9%) and seizures (19.7%) are reported. Immunohistochemistry reveals variable profiles, reflecting complex cellular differentiation. The characteristic \u201cbubble-like\u201d MRI pattern along the subcortical ribbon and superficial white matter is a reliable diagnostic feature. Rare cortical involvement and atypical band-like lesions occur. MRI signal intensity varies. Over a mean follow-up of 36 months, lesions were stable or non-recurrent, with only one case of progression. Conclusion: MVNT imaging mimics other glioneuronal lesions, but reliable diagnostic MRI features include a \u201cbubble-clustered\u201d appearance, lack of cortical involvement, absence of enhancement, and temporal lobe predominance. Hemodynamic and metabolic properties support the diagnosis. Most lesions remain stable, requiring no treatment. Surgical resection is reserved for cases with uncontrolled seizures or atypical locations where the diagnosis is unclear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T04:05:47Z","timestamp":1738296347000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumors: Imaging Features, Diagnosis, and Management Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4517-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Calandrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiology Center (ARC), Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0149-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Augusto","family":"Mallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Bernetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7248-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Pilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A Summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12035","article-title":"Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumors of the Cerebrum: 10 Cases of a Distinctive Seizure-Associated Lesion","volume":"23","author":"Huse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-2-7","article-title":"Two Cases of Multinodular and Vacuolating Neuronal Tumour","volume":"2","author":"Bodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. 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