{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T05:50:56Z","timestamp":1771912256963,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicine is struggling with the constantly rising incidence of breast cancer. The key to this fight is to be able to speed up diagnosis, as rapid diagnosis reduces the number of aggressive or advanced cases. For this process to be effective, it is necessary to have the right attitude toward diagnosis as a research practice. Our critical analysis of diagnosis, as a methodology of medical science, reflects on it as a research practice that is regulated in a socio-subjective way by a methodological culture. This position allows us to contrast critical methodological culture with the habitual\u2013practical, or methodical, culture of practicing diagnosis. We point to the interpretative status of medical analyses performed by medical historians by referring to Italian Renaissance paintings and historical\u2013artistic interpretations. In this field, analyzing disputes between researchers as a clash of methodologies in the ways interpretation transforms signs into meaning is a critical methodological reflection. Medicine is a diverse scientific discourse with a paradigmatic structure in which new ways of conducting diagnostic tests may appear. It is only possible to see this from the methodological level. In addition, passive respect for existing patterns of conduct hinders an exchange of views between researchers, which limits the possibility of correcting research procedures. The ultimate consequence of such passivity is an inability to improve diagnosis, which, in turn, harms the interests of patients. In this regard, it is worth remembering that the paramount objective of diagnosis is not the disease, but the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T10:09:52Z","timestamp":1738750192000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Art of Medical Diagnosis: Lessons on Interpretation of Signs from Italian High Renaissance Paintings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9587-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"\u015aniadecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Malitowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ethics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Musielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8791-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Meyer-Szary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Guzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, City Hospital Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-055 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Boyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Art History, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-308 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5655-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Danielkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Konarzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Aristei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Perugia General Hospital, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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