{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T14:50:16Z","timestamp":1789743016802,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helse Vest\u2019s Research Funding","award":["HV912243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV912243"]}]},{"name":"Helse Vest\u2019s Research Funding","award":["BFS2018TMT0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS2018TMT0"]}]},{"name":"Helse Vest\u2019s Research Funding","award":["FRIMED-BIO276010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIMED-BIO276010"]}]},{"name":"Helse Vest\u2019s Research Funding","award":["294594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["294594"]}]},{"name":"Trond Mohn Research Foundation","award":["HV912243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV912243"]}]},{"name":"Trond Mohn Research Foundation","award":["BFS2018TMT0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS2018TMT0"]}]},{"name":"Trond Mohn Research Foundation","award":["FRIMED-BIO276010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIMED-BIO276010"]}]},{"name":"Trond Mohn Research Foundation","award":["294594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["294594"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["HV912243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV912243"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["BFS2018TMT0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFS2018TMT0"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["FRIMED-BIO276010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRIMED-BIO276010"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["294594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["294594"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gut\u2013brain disorder characterized by abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, and psychological distress. While brain\u2013gut interactions are recognized in IBS pathophysiology, the relationship between brain morphometry, cognitive function, and clinical features remains poorly understood. The study aims to conduct the following: (i) to replicate previous univariate morphometric findings in IBS patients and conduct software comparisons; (ii) to investigate whether multivariate analysis of brain morphometric measures and cognitive performance can distinguish IBS patients from healthy controls (HCs), and evaluate the importance of structural and cognitive features in this discrimination. Methods: We studied 49 IBS patients and 29 HCs using structural brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Brain morphometry was analyzed using FreeSurfer v6.0.1 and v7.4.1, with IBS severity assessed via the IBS-Severity Scoring System. We employed univariate, multivariate, and machine learning approaches with cross-validation. Results: The FreeSurfer version comparison revealed substantial variations in morphometric measurements, while morphometric measures alone showed limited discrimination between groups; combining morphometric and cognitive measures achieved 93% sensitivity in identifying IBS patients (22% specificity). The feature importance analysis highlighted the role of subcortical structures (the hippocampus, caudate, and putamen) and cognitive domains (recall and verbal skills) in group discrimination. Conclusions: Our comprehensive open-source framework suggests that combining brain morphometry and cognitive measures improves IBS-HC discrimination compared to morphometric measures alone. The importance of subcortical structures and specific cognitive domains supports complex brain\u2013gut interaction in IBS, emphasizing the need for multimodal approaches and rigorous methodological considerations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15040470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1739531681000},"page":"470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Brain Morphometry and Cognitive Features in the Prediction of Irritable Bowel Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0032-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvid","family":"Lundervold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Medical-AI, Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben Ren\u00e9","family":"Bj\u00f8rsvik\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-AI, Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6614-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Billing\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgitte","family":"Berentsen\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"National Center for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1827-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclen Arslan","family":"Lied\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Center for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth K.","family":"Steinsvik\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trygve","family":"Hausken\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"National Center for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4043-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Pfabigan\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astri J.","family":"Lundervold\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0286-8","article-title":"Global burden of irritable bowel syndrome: Trends, predictions and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029","article-title":"Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lovell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16067","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Bonetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.11.019","article-title":"Rome Foundation clinical diagnostic criteria for disorders of gut-brain interaction","volume":"162","author":"Drossman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07233.x","article-title":"Symptoms across the menstrual cycle in women with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Heitkemper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6725","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6725","article-title":"Gender-related differences in irritable bowel syndrome: Potential mechanisms of sex hormones","volume":"20","author":"Meleine","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18082","article-title":"Sex-gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01698.x","article-title":"Gender role and irritable bowel syndrome: Literature review and hypothesis","volume":"95","author":"Toner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundervold, A.J., Billing, J.E., Berentsen, B., Lied, G.A., Steinsvik, E.K., Hausken, T., and Lundervold, A. (2024). Decoding IBS: A machine learning approach to psychological distress and gut-brain interaction. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03355-z"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16589","article-title":"Physical and psychological comorbidities associated with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Shiha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.05.036","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A systematic review","volume":"1719","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13696","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13696","article-title":"Nature and specificity of altered cognitive functioning in IBS","volume":"31","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2023.2256916","article-title":"Cognitive function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Impairment is common and only weakly correlated with depression\/anxiety and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"59","author":"Billing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042320-014032","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"73","author":"Mayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-014-0379-z","article-title":"Brain and gut interactions in irritable bowel syndrome: New paradigms and new understandings","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Lezak, M.D. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238411","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238411","article-title":"Structural and functional brain networks: From connections to cognition","volume":"342","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.121","article-title":"Towards a systems view of IBS","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318308","article-title":"Role of brain imaging in disorders of brain\u2013gut interaction: A Rome Working Team Report","volume":"68","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.12.024","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is Associated With Brain Health by Neuroimaging, Behavioral, Biochemical, and Genetic Analyses","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002699","article-title":"Sex-specific brain microstructural reorganization in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"164","author":"Labus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00087-7","article-title":"Changes of the postcentral cortex in irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"14","author":"Nan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrobisz, K., Piotrowicz, G., Rudnik, A., Naumczyk, P., Sabisz, A., Markiet, K., and Szurowska, E. (2022). Evaluation of subcortical structure volumes in patients with non-specific digestive diseases. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092199"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21950","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021950","article-title":"Study protocol of the Bergen brain-gut-microbiota-axis study: A prospective case-report characterization and dietary intervention study to evaluate the effects of microbiota alterations on cognition and anatomical and functional brain connectivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Berentsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.03.049","article-title":"Regional gray matter density changes in brains of patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Seminowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.043","article-title":"Altered brain structure in irritable bowel syndrome: Potential contributions of pre-existing and disease-driven factors","volume":"138","author":"Blankstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000655","article-title":"Altered brain structure and functional connectivity and its relation to pain perception in girls with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","article-title":"The irritable bowel severity scoring system: A simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress","volume":"11","author":"Francis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Randolph, C. (2013). Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Norwegian Manual, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20599","article-title":"Evaluation of automated brain MR image segmentation and volumetry methods","volume":"30","author":"Klauschen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.010","article-title":"MRI-derived measurements of human subcortical, ventricular and intracranial brain volumes: Reliability effects of scan sessions, acquisition sequences, data analyses, scanner upgrade, scanner vendors and field strengths","volume":"46","author":"Jovicich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gronenschild, E.H., Habets, P., Jacobs, H.I., Mengelers, R., Rozendaal, N., Van Os, J., and Marcelis, M. (2012). The effects of FreeSurfer version, workstation type, and Macintosh operating system version on anatomical volume and cortical thickness measurements. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038234"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glatard, T., Lewis, L.B., Ferreira da Silva, R., Adalat, R., Beck, N., Lepage, C., Rioux, P., Rousseau, M.E., Sherif, T., and Deelman, E. (2015). Reproducibility of neuroimaging analyses across operating systems. Front. Neuroinform., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00012"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2022.100086","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of FreeSurfer-derived volume, area and cortical thickness from MPRAGE and MP2RAGE brain MRI images","volume":"2","author":"Knussmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debiasi, G., Mazzonetto, I., and Bertoldo, A. (2023). The effect of processing pipelines, input images and age on automatic cortical morphology estimates. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107825"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.3.494","article-title":"Dominance statistics: Ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions","volume":"114","author":"Cliff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2","article-title":"Using Cliff\u2019s delta as a non-parametric effect size measure: An accessible web app and R tutorial","volume":"29","author":"Meissel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159","article-title":"The proof and measurement of association between two things","volume":"15","author":"Spearman","year":"1904","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"49","article-title":"On the generalized distance in statistics","volume":"2","author":"Mahalanobis","year":"1936","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(99)00047-7","article-title":"The Mahalanobis distance","volume":"50","author":"Massart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., and Guestrin, C. (2016, January 13\u201317). Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","article-title":"From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.01.458","article-title":"Persistent pain produces stress-like alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis and gene expression","volume":"7","author":"Duric","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12489","article-title":"Neural circuitry of abdominal pain-related fear learning and reinstatement in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Icenhour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4655","article-title":"Abnormal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.010","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects microstructural reorganization in the brain associated with chronic irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"154","author":"Ellingson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PAIN\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006992","article-title":"Interhemispheric and Corticothalamic White-Matter Dysfunction Underlies Affective Morbidity and Impaired Pain Modulation in Chronic Pain","volume":"140","author":"Ito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab100","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab100","article-title":"Corpus callosum morphology in major mental disorders: A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"3","author":"Piras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01375-9","article-title":"A neuropsychosocial signature predicts longitudinal symptom changes in women with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bhatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Hao, Z., Li, M., Xi, H., Hu, S., Wen, J., Gao, Y., Antwi, C.O., Jia, X., and Yu, Y. (2023). Functional changes of default mode network and structural alterations of gray matter in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A meta-analysis of whole-brain studies. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1236069"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4661","article-title":"Viewpoints: How the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition","volume":"20","author":"Lisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00830-9","article-title":"The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory","volume":"35","author":"Burgess","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001987","article-title":"A systematic review with meta-analysis of the role of anxiety and depression in irritable bowel syndrome onset","volume":"46","author":"Sibelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101802","article-title":"The gut-brain vascular axis in neuroinflammation","volume":"Volume 69","author":"Carloni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000533275","article-title":"Brain Neuropeptides, Neuroinflammation, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Ishioh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S291964","article-title":"Sex-gender differences in the effectiveness of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Teunissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03961.x","article-title":"Gender-related differences in IBS symptoms","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.36603","article-title":"Gender differences in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0716-7","article-title":"The microgenderome revealed: Sex differences in bidirectional interactions between the microbiota, hormones, immunity and disease susceptibility","volume":"Volume 41","author":"Vemuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunopathology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.053","article-title":"Quantitative meta-analysis identifies brain regions activated during rectal distension in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Tillisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grinsvall, C., Van Oudenhove, L., Dupont, P., Ryu, H.J., Ljungberg, M., Labus, J.S., T\u00f6rnblom, H., Mayer, E.A., and Simr\u00e9n, M. (2021). Altered structural covariance of insula, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex is associated with somatic symptom levels in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11121580"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12695","article-title":"Excessive coupling of the salience network with intrinsic neurocognitive brain networks during rectal distension in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: A preliminary report","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casamitjana, A., Mancini, M., Robinson, E., Peter, L., Annunziata, R., Althonayan, J., Crampsie, S., Blackburn, E., Billot, B., and Atzeni, A. (2024). A next-generation, histological atlas of the human brain and its application to automated brain MRI segmentation. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.05.579016"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/4\/470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:34:45Z","timestamp":1760027685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/15\/4\/470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics15040470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15040470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]}}}